Uncountably many cases of Filippov's sewed focus (Q6166002)

Let \(\Sigma\) be the straight line given by \(\Sigma=\{(x, y)\in \mathbb{R}^2: y=0\}\) and \(\mathbb{R}^2\) is split into two zones \(\Sigma_+=\{(x, y)\in \mathbb{R}^2: y>0\}\) and \(\Sigma_-=\{(x, y)\in \mathbb{R}^2: y<0\}\) separated by \(\Sigma\). Consider the following piecewise smooth system: \[ \begin{aligned} & \dot{x}=P^+(x, y), \quad \dot{y}=Q^+(x, y) \quad\text{for } (x, y)\in \Sigma_+,\\ & \dot{x}=P^-(x, y), \quad \dot{y}=Q^-(x, y) \quad\text{for } (x, y)\in \Sigma_-, \end{aligned} \] where the functions \(P^{\pm}(x, y)\) and \(Q^{\pm}(x, y)\) can be smoothly extended to a neighborhood of \(\Sigma\). The Filippov's convention is assumed for the solutions of the system on \(\Sigma\). When \(P^{\pm}(0, 0)\neq 0\) and \(Q^{+}(0, 0)=Q^{-}(0, 0)=0\), the origin \((0, 0)\) is called a \textit{type \(3\) singularity}. Please see the book of \textit{A. F. Filippov} [Differential equations with discontinuous right-hand sides. Ed. by F. M. Arscott. Transl. from the Russian. Dordrecht etc.: Kluwer Academic Publishers (1988; Zbl 0664.34001)]. A \textit{sewed focus} is a type 3 singularities made up of two invisible tangencies either side of \(\Sigma\). Near a sewed focus, the trajectories in \(\Sigma_+\) are inverted parabolas and in \(\Sigma_-\) are parabolas, creating a flow that can be focus-like or center-like. Filippov proved in the aforementioned book that for the analytic focus-like behavior, the approach to the singularity is in infinite time. In this paper, the authors show that for the non-analytic focus-like behavior, the approach to the singularity can be in finite time. For the non-analytic sewed center-focus, they show that there are uncountably many different topological types of local dynamics, including cases with infinitely many stable periodic orbits. They also show how to construct systems with periodic orbits intersecting any bounded symmetric closed set.