Semigroups of relatively continuous binary relations and their isomorphisms (Q6169447)

A \textit{(binary) relation} between sets \(X\) and \(Y\) is \(\rho\subseteq X\times Y\). If \(X=Y\), then we say that \(\rho\) is a relation on \(X\). The \textit{inverse} of \(\rho\subseteq X\times Y\) is \(\rho^{-1}\subseteq Y\times X\) given by \(\rho^{-1}=\{(y,x)\in Y\times X\mid (x,y)\in\rho\}\). The \textit{image} of \(A\subseteq X\) under \(\rho\) is \(\rho(A)=\{y\in Y\mid\exists x\in A:\ (x,y)\in\rho\}\subseteq Y\). The \textit{preimage} of \(B\subseteq Y\) under \(\rho\) is \(\rho^{-1}(B)\subseteq X\). The \textit{domain} of \(\rho\) is \(D(\rho):=\rho^{-1}(Y)\). Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be topological spaces and \(\rho\subseteq X\times Y\). We say that \(\rho\) is \textit{continuous} (resp. \textit{relatively continuous}) if for any open \(V\) in \(Y\) the preimage \(\rho^{-1}(V)\) is open in \(X\) (resp. in \(D(\rho)\)). Relatively continuous binary relations on a topological space \(X\) form a semigroup under the operation \[ \rho\tau=\{(x,y)\in X^2\mid \exists z\in X:\ (x,z)\in\rho\ \&\ (z,y)\in\tau\}. \] This semigroup is denoted by \(CR^*(X)\). Given topological spaces \(X\) and \(Y\), each relatively continuous \(\varphi\subseteq X\times Y\) such that \(\varphi^{-1}\) is also relatively continuous \textit{induces} the map \(\alpha_\varphi:CR^*(X)\to CR^*(Y)\) by means of \(\alpha_\varphi(\rho)=\varphi^{-1}\rho\varphi\). One of the main results of the paper is the following. {Theorem.} Every isomorphism from \(CR^*(X)\) to \(CR^*(Y)\) is induced by a unique bijection \(\varphi\) from \(X\) to \(Y\). Moreover, if at least one of the spaces \(X\) and \(Y\) is nontrivial (i.e. neither discrete nor indiscrete), then \(\varphi\) is a homeomorphism. Another part of the paper deals with the semigroup \(S(X)\) of continuous transformations of a topological space \(X\) under the usual composition of maps. A bijection \(\varphi\) between topological spaces \(X\) and \(Y\) is called an \textit{antihomeomorphism}, if \(\varphi\) and \(\varphi^{-1}\) map open sets to closed sets. A \textit{connected two-point space} is a two-element topological space in which precisely one point is open. A topological space \(X\) is a \textit{\(D_1\)-space} if it contains at least one connected two-point space as a subspace. The main result of the second part of the paper is the following. {Theorem.} Let \(X\) be a \(D_1\)-space and \(Y\) an arbitrary topological space. Then the isomorphisms from the semigroup \(S(X)\) to the semigroup \(S(Y)\) are precisely the maps \(\alpha_\varphi\), where \(\varphi\) is a homeomorphisms or an antihomeomorphism between the spaces \(X\) and \(Y\).