Dynamics of Chebyshev endomorphisms on some affine algebraic varieties (Q6171928)

The article under review studies Chebyshev endomorphisms of \(\mathbb{C}^{n}\) and their relation with the action of dihedral group \(D_{n+1}\) of order \(2n+2\) on \(\mathbb{C}^{n}\). A Chebyshev endomorphism \(T_{d}\) of degree \(d\) on \(\mathbb{C}^{n}\) is defined in the following way: let \(t_{j}\) (\(j=1,\dots,n+1\)) be variables such that \(t_{1} t_{2}\cdots t_{n+1}=1\) and \(z_{j}\) (\(j=1,\dots,n+1\)) the \(j\)-th elementary symmetric polynomial in \(t_1, t_2,\dots,t_{n+1}\). If \(\Phi\) is the map from \({(\mathbb{C}^{\ast})}^{n+1}\) to \({\mathbb{C}}^{n}\), given by \(\Phi(t_1, t_2,\dots,t_{n+1})=(z_{1},\dots,z_{n})\), one defines \[ T_{d}(z_1,\dots,z_{n})=(z_{1}^{(d)},z_{2}^{(d)},\dots,z_{n}^{(d)}):= \Phi({t}_{1}^{d}, {t}_{2}^{d},\dots,{t}_{n+1}^{d}). \] Section 2 of the article is devoted to establish the preliminary constructions to prove the main results: There are two actions \(R\) and \(C\) on \(\mathbb{C}^{n}\) such that \(C\circ R \circ C=R^{-1}\), then \(D_{n+1}=\langle R,C \rangle \). With respect to maps \(T_{d}\), the generators hold: \((1)\) \(R^{d}\circ T_{d}=T_{d}\circ R\), and \((2)\) \(C\circ T_{d}=T_{d}\circ C\). Then \(T_{d}\) induces a map on the orbit space \(\mathbb{C}^{n}/D_{n+1}\). Moreover, it is proved that \(T_{d}\), \(R\) and \(C\) admit the invariant subspace \(R_{n}=\{ (z_{1},\dots,z_{n}): z_{j}={\bar{z}}_{n+1-j},\,\,j=1,\dots,n)\}(\simeq \mathbb{R}^{n}\)), and that \((1)\) and \((2)\) also are valid on \(R_{n}\). Then, restricted to \(R_{n}\), it permits to consider \(R\) and \(C\) as elements of \(\mathrm{GL}(n,\mathbb{R})\), \(D_{n+1}\) as a finite matrix group of \(\mathrm{GL}(n,\mathbb{R})\) and \(T_{d}\) as a polynomial map \(f_{d}(x_{1},\dots,x_{n})\) over \(\mathbb{Z}\). Thus the author studies, using invariant theory, the complexification of the cocient space of \(\mathbb{C}^{n}\) by the finite matrix group of \(\mathrm{GL}(n,\mathbb{R}\)) that represents \(D_{n+1}\), and embed it in \(\mathbb{C}^{m}\) as an affine variety \(X\), via a map \(g_{d}(p_1,\dots,p_{m})\) (constructed from \(f_{d}\)), where \(\{p_1,\dots,p_{m}\}\) is any basis of the space of polynomials (over \(\mathbb{C}\)) invariant by the action of \(D_{n+1}\). Sections 3 and 4 of the paper are devoted to study the cases \(n=2\) and \(n=3\), respectively. For case \(n=2\), \(X\simeq \mathbb{C}^{2}\), and the morphism \(g_{d}\) on \(X\) is defined over \(\mathbb{Z}\) (Theorem 3.1). For case \(n=3\), \(X\) is an affine quadric hypersurface in \(\mathbb{C}^{4}\) and the morphism \(g_{d}\) on \(X\) is also defined over \(\mathbb{Z}\) (Theorem 4.1). The set of critical values of \(T_{d}\) is invariant by \(T_{d}\), then from a complex dynamics point of view Chebyshev endomorphisms of \(\mathbb{C}^{n}\) are poscritically finite. Inspired by this fact, the author finds affine subvarieties \(V\) of \(X\) which are invariant for any \(g_{d}\) (\(d\in\mathbb{N}\)), analyzing the branch locus of the morphism \(g_{2}\) and \(g_{3}\). The author concludes that in case \(n=2\) these subvarieties correspond to cuspidal cubics (Theorem 3.7) and parabolas (Theorem 3.11), and moreover stablishes notable examples in case \(n=3\), as the astroid surface, given by an affine algebraic surface in \(\mathbb{C}^{4}\) birrationally equivalent to an affine quadric cone in \(\mathbb{C}^{3}\) (Theorem 4.22) and others. Moreover, for any of these subvarieties \(V\) is proved the existence of a polynomial parametrization \(P_{V}\) such that \({g_{d}|}_V (P_{V}(y_{1},\dots,y_{k}))=P_{V}(T_{d}(y_{1}),\dots,T_{d}(y_{d})),\) with \(T_{d}(z)\) the Chebyshev polynomial in one variable, which determines the sets of bounded orbits of \({g_{d}|}_{V}\) in each invariant set \(V\) and the dynamics between them. This work contains interesting results concerning dynamics and affine algebraic varieties.