Zeros of Jacobi-Sobolev orthogonal polynomials following non-coherent pair of measures (Q619675)

Zeros of orthogonal polynomials associated with two different Sobolev inner products involving the Jacobi measure are studied. Consider the following inner product, called Jacobi-Sobolev inner product of type I in this paper [see, \textit{A. C. Berti, C. F. Bracciali, A. Sri Ranga}, Numer. Algorithms 34, No. 2--4, 203--216 (2003; Zbl 1046.42015)], \[ \langle f,g\rangle_{JS_1}=\int_{-1}^1f(x)g(x)(1+k_1x)d\psi^{(\alpha,\beta)}(x)+ \int_{-1}^1f'(x)g'(x)(k_2+k_3x)d\psi^{(\alpha+1,\beta+1)}(x), \] where \(d\psi^{(\alpha,\beta)}(x)=(1-x)^\alpha(1+x)^\beta\,dx\) is the classical Jacobi measure on \([-1,1]\), \(|k_1|\leq1\) and \(k_2\geq|k_3|\). The sequence of monic orthogonal polynomials with respect to \(\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_{JS_1}\) is denoted by \(\{S_n^{J_1}\}_{n=0}^\infty\). Suppose \(\alpha,\beta\geq0\), \(k_2>3|k_3|\) and \(\text{sgn}(k_1)=\text{sgn}(k_3)\) if \(k_1\neq0\). Then the \(n\)th Jacobi-Sobolev orthogonal polynomials of type I, i.e., \(S_n^{J_1}\) for \(n\geq2\) has \(n\) real and simple zeros \(s_{n,i}^{J_1}\), \(1\leq i\leq n\) and they interlace with the zeros \(p_{n,i}^{(\alpha,\beta)}\) of the classical Jacobi orthogonal polynomials \(P_n^{(\alpha,\beta)}(x)\) (Theorem 2.4). The zeros of \(S_{n-1}^{J_1}\) interlace with the zeros of \(S_n^{J_1}\), i.e., \(s_{n,i}^{J_1}<s_{n-1,i}^{J_1}<s_{n,i+1}^{J_1}\), \(1\leq i\leq n-1\) (Theorem 2.7). The interlacing property occurs between the zeros of \(S_{n}^{J_1}\) and the zeros of \(P_n^{(\alpha,\beta,k_1)}(x)\) (Theorem 2.12). The sequence \(\{S_n^{J_2}\}_{n=0}^\infty\) of monic orthogonal polynomials with respect to the Jacobi-Sobolev inner product of type II \[ \begin{multlined} \langle f,g\rangle_{JS_2}=\int_{-1}^1f(x)g(x)\,d\psi^{(\alpha,\beta)}(x)\\ + \int_{-1}^1f'(x)g'(x)\left(k_1+\frac{k_2k_3}{k_3-x}\right) \,d\psi^{(\alpha+1,\beta+1)}(x)+k_2k_4f'(k_3)g'(k_3),\end{multlined} \] under some restrictions on \(k_j\), \(j=1,2,3,4\) is called Jacobi-Sobolev orthogonal polynomials of type II. Under some conditions a polynomial \(S_n^{J_2}(x)\) has \(n\) different real zeros \(s_{n,i}^{J_2}\), \(1\leq i\leq n\) which interlace with the zeros of the classical Jacobi orthogonal polynomials \(P_n^{(\alpha,\beta)}(x)\) (Theorem 3.4).