Homogeneous tri-additive forms and derivations (Q636235)

Let \(R\) be a commutative ring. A \textit{derivation} is an additive map from \(R\) into \(R\) which satisfies the condition \[ A(xy) = xA(y) + yA(x) \] for \(x,y \in R\). A map \(D: R \to R\) is called a \textit{second order derivation} if \(D\) is additive and \[ D(xyz) = xD(yz) + yD(xz) + zD(xy) - [xyD(z) + yzD(x) + xzD(y)] \] for \(x,y,z \in R\). A derivation is a second order derivation, but converse is not true (Example 2.3). The following theorem is proved. Theorem 2.4. Let \(K\) be a commutative field of characteristic different from 2 and 3. An additive map \(F: K \to K\) and a quadratic map \(G: K \to K\) satisfy the functional equation \[ F(t) + t^{3}G \left(\frac{1}{t}\right) = 0 \] if and only if \(F(t) = D(t) - ct\) and \(G(t) = ct^{2} - t^{3}D(t^{-1})\), where \(D: K \to K\) is a second order derivation and \(c \in K\). This theorem is applied in the proof of the main result. Suppose that \(K\) is a field of characteristic different from \(2\) and \(3\) and \(V\) is a vector space over \(K\). A map \(T: V \times V \times V \to K\) is a tri-additive form such that \(T(\lambda \mathbf{x}, \lambda \mathbf{y}, \lambda \mathbf{z}) = \lambda^{3}T(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, {\mathbf{z}})\) for \(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z} \in V\), \(\lambda \in K\), if and only if there exist constants \(T(\mathbf{\mathbf{b}}_{i},\mathbf{\mathbf{b}}_{j}\mathbf{,b}_{l})\), biadditive maps \(E_{12}(\cdot,\cdot,{\mathbf{b}}_{i},{\mathbf{b}}_{j}\mathbf{,b}_{l})\), symmetric biderivations \(E_{1}(\cdot,\cdot,{\mathbf{b}}_{i},{\mathbf{b}}_{j}\mathbf{,b}_{l})\) and \(E_{2}(\cdot,\cdot,{\mathbf{b}}_{i},{\mathbf{b}}_{j}\mathbf{,b}_{l})\), second order derivations \(D_{1}(\cdot, {\mathbf{b}}_{i},{\mathbf{b}}_{j}\mathbf{,b}_{l})\), \(D_{2}(\cdot, {\mathbf{b}}_{i},{\mathbf{b}}_{j}\mathbf{,b}_{l})\) and \(D_{3}(\cdot, {\mathbf{b}}_{i},{\mathbf{b}}_{j}\mathbf{,b}_{l})\) fulfilling some additional conditions, such that \[ T \left(\sum_{i=1}^{m}\lambda_{i}\mathbf{b}_{i},\sum_{j=1}^{n}\mu_{j}\mathbf{b}_{j},\sum_{l=1}^{p}\nu_{l}\mathbf{b}_{l}\right) \] \[ = \sum_{i=1}^{m}\sum_{j=1}^{n}\sum_{l=1}^{p} \left\{\lambda_{i}\mu_{j}\nu_{l}T + \lambda_{i}\mu_{j}D_{3}(\nu_{l}) + \lambda_{i}\nu_{l}D_{2}(\mu_{j}) + \mu_{j}\nu_{l}D_{1}(\lambda_{i}) \right. \] \[ \left. -\lambda_{i}[E_{1,2}(\mu_{j},\nu_{l}) + E_{2}(\mu_{j},\nu_{l})] - \mu_{j}[E_{1,2}(\nu_{l},\lambda_{i}) + E_{1}(\nu_{l},\lambda_{i})] + \nu_{l}E_{1,2}(\mu_{j},\lambda_{i})\right\}, \] where the dependence of each term of the right hand side on the basic triple \(({\mathbf{b}}_{i},{\mathbf{b}}_{j}\mathbf{b}_{l})\) is omitted.