Global solvability of real analytic complex vector fields in two variables (Q640048)

The author is interested in the global solvability of the partial differential equation \({\mathcal X}u= f\) in a simply connected, open and bounded domain \(\Omega\subset\widetilde\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^2\). The right-hand side \(f\) belongs to \(C^\infty(\overline\Omega)\). The vector field \({\mathcal X}= A(x,y)\partial_x+ B(x, y)\partial_y\) is non-singular in two real variables with real analytic complex-valued coefficients in \(\widetilde\Omega\). Moreover, the vector field \({\mathcal X}\) satisfies the Nirenberg-Trèves condition, that is, the (P) condition, in a neighborhood of every point of \(\widetilde\Omega\). So, the local solvability is clear. But what about the global one? It turns out that one-dimensional orbits, these are curves along the vector field \({\mathcal X}\) is tangent, are of importance. Among these the closed orbits play an essential role. The author associates with each closed orbit a complex number \(\mu\) depending on the contact order of some bi-vector along \({\mathcal X}\). This number influences the expected regularity of the global solution. Finally, the Riemann-Hilbert problems \[ {\mathcal X}u= f\quad\text{in }\Omega,\qquad{\mathcal R}(\Lambda u)= g\quad\text{on }\partial\Omega \] are studied. Here \(f\in C^\infty(\overline\Omega)\), \(\Lambda\in C^\alpha(\partial\Omega, S^1)\) and \(g\in C^\alpha(\partial\Omega,\mathbb{R})\). As usual, some index theory is presented by the author.