Short Kloosterman sums with weights (Q650296)

The author continues his studies begun in [Izv. Math. 64, No. 6, 1129--1152 (2000); translation from Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Mat. 64, No. 6, 41--64 (2000; Zbl 1030.11039)] and based on the Karatsuba method of estimating Kloosterman sums of special form. In the present paper he derives nontrivial estimates of short Kloosterman sums with weights, i.e., of sums of the form \[ S(x)=\sum_{n\leq x} f(n) \exp\left(2\pi i\frac{an^*+bn}{m}\right), \tag{1} \] where \(m,a,b\) are integers, \((n,m) = 1\), \(nn^*\equiv 1\pmod m\), \(f(n)\) is a multiplicative function, and \(x\) is small compared to \(m\). Then the following main theorem is proved. Theorem 1. Suppose that \((a,m) = 1\), and \[ \exp(c_0(\ln m)^{4/5}(\ln\ln m)^{1/5})\leq x\leq m^{4/7}; \] then, for the trigonometric sum (1), the following estimate holds: \[ S(x)\ll F(x)\Delta \] where \(F(x)=\sum_{n\leq x} f(n)\), \(\Delta=\left(\frac{(\ln m)^{4/5}}{\ln x}(\ln\ln m)^{1/5}\right)^{5\alpha/22}\ln\ln m\), where \(\alpha = k\) for \(f(n) = \tau_k(n)\), \(\alpha= \lambda/\varphi(h)\) for \(f(n) = b(n)\), and \(\alpha = 1\) in the remaining cases. In the case \(f(n) = \tau_k(n)\), the author discovered an interesting effect as \(k\) increases: the reducing multiplier \(\Delta\) decreases. Generalizing Theorem 1 to the case \((a,m) = d > 1\), the following statement is valid. Theorem 2. Suppose that \((a,m) = 1\) and \[ \exp((\ln m)^{4/5}(\ln\ln m)^9)\leq x\leq m^{4/7}. \] Then the following relations hold: \[ \sum_{n\leq x} \tau_k(n)\left\{{an^*+bn}\over m\right\}=\frac 12\left(\sum_{n\leq x} \tau_k(n)\right)(1+O(\Delta_1)), \] \[ \sum_{n\leq x} b(n)\left\{{an^*+bn}\over m\right\}=\frac 12\left(\sum_{n\leq x} b(n)\right)(1+O(\Delta_1)), \] \[ \sum_{n\leq x} \mu^2(n)\left\{{an^*+bn}\over m\right\}=\frac {3x}{pi^2} (1+O(\Delta_1)), \] \[ \sum_{0<u^2+v^2\leq x} \left\{{a(u^2+v^2)^*+b(u^2+v^2)}\over m\right\}=\frac {\pi x}2 (1+O(\Delta_1)), \] where \(\Delta_1=\left(\frac{(\ln m)^{4/5}}{\ln x}(\ln\ln m)^9\right)^{5\alpha/22}\ln\ln m\), \(\tau\) and \(\mu\) denote as usual the sum of divisors function and the Möbius function, respectively.