On the number of centralizers and conjugacy class sizes in finite groups (Q6561447)

Let \(G\) be a finite group. The center of \(G\) is denoted by \(Z(G)\). Given \( x\in G\), the centralizer of \(x\) is denoted by \(C_{G}(x)\) and the set \( \{C_{G}(x):x\in G\}\) is denoted by \(\mathrm{Cent}(G)\). The symbol \(\mathrm{cs}(G)\) denotes the set of the sizes of the conjugacy classes of the elements of \(G\). A group \(G\) is said AC-group if it is non-abelian and \(C_{G}(x)\) is abelian, for any \( x\in G\setminus Z(G)\).\N\NThere are many papers describing the influence of the set \(\mathrm{cs}(G)\) on the structure of \(G\) and also many papers investigated the relation between the cardinality \(\vert \mathrm{Cent}(G)\vert \) and the structure of a finite group \(G\).\N\NIn this paper, the influence of the set \(\mathrm{cs}(G)\) and the cardinality \( |\mathrm{Cent}(G)|\) on the structure of a finite group \(G\) are studied. We quote here two of the four main results of the paper:\N\NTheorem A. Consider a prime number \(p\) and integers \(n\geq 3\), \( s\geq 2\), with \(\gcd (p,s)=1\). Let \(G\) be a finite non-abelian group. The following statements are equivalent.\N\N(i) \(\mathrm{cs}(G)=\{1,p^{n},p^{n-1}s\}\).\N\N(ii) \(G\) is an AC-group such that \([ G:Z(G)] =p^{n}s\) and \(\vert \mathrm{Cent}(G)\vert =1+\sum_{i=0}^{n}p^{i}\).\N\N(iii) \(G/Z(G)\) is a Frobenius group whose Frobenius complement is a cyclic group of order \(s\) and the Frobenius kernel \(N/Z(G)\) is a \(p\)-group of order \(p^{n}\), with \(Z(N)=Z(G)\), \(\mathrm{cs}(N)=\{1,p^{n-1}\}\) and \(\vert \mathrm{Cent}(G)\vert =1+\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}p^{i}\).\N\NTheorem C. Consider integers \(n\geq 2\) and \(s\geq 2\), where \(\gcd (3,s)=1\) and let \(G\) be a finite non-abelian group. If \(\mathrm{cs}(G)= \{1,3^{n},3^{n-1}s\}\), then \(s\in \{2,4\}\) and \(G/Z(G)\) is a Frobenius group isomorphic to either \(\mathbb{Z}_{3}^{n}\ltimes \mathbb{Z}_{2}\) (with \(n\geq 2\)) or \(\mathbb{Z}_{3}^{n}\ltimes \mathbb{Z}_{4}\) (where \(n\) is even). Further, if \(N\) is the subgroup of \(G\) such that \(N/Z(G)\) is the \(3\)-group of order \(3^{n}\) of \(G/Z(G)\), then \(\mathrm{cs}(N)=\{1,3^{n-1}\}\).