Equidistribution and independence of Gauss sums (Q6562862)

For the finite field \(\mathrm{K}=\mathbb{F}_q\) and for every multiplicative character \(\chi:\mathrm{K}^\times\to\mathbb{C}^\times\), the associated Gauss sum is defined as\N\[\NG(\chi):=-\sum_{t\in k^\times}\chi(t)\psi(t),\N\]\Nwhere \(\psi:\mathrm{K}\to\mathbb{C}^\times\) is the additive character defined by\N\[\N\psi(t)=\exp(2\pi i\mathrm{Tr}_{\mathbb{F}_q/\mathbb{F}_p}(t)/p).\N\]\NA consequence of Deligne's bound on Kloosterman sums asserts that, as \(q\) increases, the \(q-2\) normalized Gauss sums \(q^{-1/2}G(\chi)\) for the set of non-trivial characters \(\chi\) of \(\mathrm{K}\) become equidistributed on the unit circle for the probability Haar measure. Motivated by this fact, the author of the present paper provides a general equidistribution result concerning Gauss sums associated to \(n\) monomials in \(r\) variable multiplicative characters over a finite field, given in the following form\N\[\N\Phi_m(\chi)=(q^{-m/2}\chi(\mathbf{t}_1)G_m(\eta_1\chi^{\mathbf{a}_1}),\ldots,q^{-m/2}\chi(\mathbf{t}_n)G_m(\eta_n\chi^{\mathbf{a}_n})),\N\]\Nwhere \(\mathbf{t}_i\in(\mathrm{K}^\times)^r\), \(\mathbf{a}_i\in\mathbb{Z}^r\), \(\eta_i:\mathrm{K}^\times\to\mathbb{C}^\times\) and \(\chi=(\chi_1,\ldots,\chi_r)\) is \(r\)-tuples of multiplicative characters. From this general result the author deduces some previously known results, including some equidistribution results for Jacobi sums, defined for any characters \(\chi_i:\mathrm{K}^\times\to\mathbb{C}^\times\) as follows\N\[\NJ(\chi_1,\dots,\chi_n)=(-1)^{n-1}\sum_{x_1+\dots+x_n=n}\chi_1(x_1)\cdots\chi_n(x_n).\N\]\NThe second main result of the paper is a multi-variable version of the fact that all monomial relations among Gauss sums of the form \(G(\eta\chi^n)\) for different \(\eta\) and \(n\in\mathbb Z\) which hold for almost all characters \(\chi\) are a combination of the three identities (i) \(G(\chi)G(\bar\chi)=\chi(-1)q\), (ii) \( G(\chi^p)=G(\chi)\), and the Hasse-Davenport product formula (iii) \(G(\chi^d)=\chi(d^d)\prod_{i=0}^{d-1}G(\chi\varepsilon^i)/G(\varepsilon^i)\), which holds for \(d|q-1\) and \(\varepsilon\) a multiplicative character of order \(d\). Finally, the author considers the results of this paper as a case of the \(\ell\)-adic Mellin transform theory developed by Katz for the one-dimensional torus and its generalization to higher-dimensional commutative algebraic groups.