Gröbner-Shirshov bases for Lie algebras over a commutative algebra (Q657976)

Gröbner bases and Gröbner-Shirshov bases were invented independently by \textit{A. I. Shirshov} [Sib. Mat. Zh. 3, 132--137 (1962; Zbl 0143.25602); Sib. Mat. Zh. 3, 292--296 (1962; Zbl 0104.26004)] for (commutative, anti-commutative) non-associative algebras, free Lie algebras and implicitly free associative algebras over a field, by \textit{H. Hironaka} [ Ann. Math. (2) 79, 109--203, 205--326 (1964; Zbl 0122.38603)] for ideals of the power series algebras (both formal and convergent) and by \textit{B. Buchberger} [Aequationes Math. 4, 374--383 (1970; Zbl 0212.06401), Thesis 1965, English translation in J. Symb. Comput. 41, No. 3-4, 475--511 (2006; Zbl 1158.01307)] for polynomial algebras over a field. Gröbner bases and Gröbner-Shirshov bases theories have been proved to be very useful in different branches of mathematics, including commutative algebra and combinatorial algebra. Following P.M. Cohn, a Lie algebra \(L\) over a commutative algebra \(K\) is called special if \(L\) can be embedded into its universal enveloping associative algebra. Up to now, there were only two examples of non-special Lie algebra given by A. I. Shirshov (1953) and P. Cartier (1958). P. M. Cohn (1963) claimed that the Lie algebra \(L_p=\text{Lie}_{K}(x_1,x_2,x_3\mid y_3x_3=y_2x_2+y_1x_1) \), where \(K={ k}[y_1,y_2,y_3\mid y_i^p=0, 1\leq i\leq 3]\) and \(k\) is a field of characteristic \(p>0\), is non-special, but he did not prove it. In this paper authors establish Gröbner-Shirshov bases theory for Lie algebras over polynomial algebras. It provides a Gröbner-Shirshov bases theory for Lie algebras over a commutative algebra since each Lie algebra \(L=\text{Lie}_K(X|S)\) over a commutative algebra \(K\), where \(K=k[Y|R]\), is isomorphic to \(\text{Lie}_{k[Y]}(X|S, Rx, x\in X)\) as \(k[Y]\)-algebras. The proofs of the main results in the paper are technical and interesting. As applications, they reprove that Shirshov's and Cartier's examples are non-special, prove that the Cohn's Lie algebra \(L_p\) is non-special when \(p=2,3,5\) and for any \(p\), an algorithm is given to check whether \(L_p\) is non-special, give some more examples of special Lie algebra, prove that the word problem of \(\text{Lie}_{K}(X|S)\) is solvable for any commutative \(k\)-algebra \(K\) if \(S\) is a finite homogeneous subset of \(\text{Lie}_{k}(X)\) and prove that every finitely or countably generated Lie \(K\)-algebra can be embedded into a two-generated Lie \(K\)-algebra.