Varieties of involution \(J\)-trivial monoids with continuum many subvarieties (Q6597392)

In this paper, the authors establish a sufficient condition under which an involution monoid generates a variety with continuum many subvarieties. Specifically, they prove that the existence of two particular isoterms in an involution monoid ensures this property. However, they note that identifying these isoterms in an involution monoid can be challenging and present a case where this determination is more straightforward.\N\NFurthermore, they highlight the existence of a semigroup where this condition is not necessary to achieve this property. As an application of their result, they provide an involution monoid \((M, {}^{\ast})\), where the variety of involution monoids generated by \((M, {}^{\ast})\) contains a continuum many subvarieties, while the variety of monoids generated by \(M\) does not and is finitely based and finitely generated. Their involution monoid is another example of this case that had already been provided in [\textit{E. W. H. Lee}, C. R., Math., Acad. Sci. Paris 356, No. 1, 44--51 (2018; Zbl 1486.20072)].\N\NAlso, they note that in [\textit{E. W. H. Lee}, Q. J. Math. 70, No. 4, 1157--1180 (2019; Zbl 1469.20055)], it is proven that for each \(n \geq 4\), the variety of involution monoids generated by the Lee Monoid \(L_n^1\) with Involution contains continuum many subvarieties. The authors with using their result, they demonstrate that this property also holds for the case \(n = 3\). However, they point out that it remains unknown whether this property holds for \(n = 2\), and their result cannot be used to determine this case.\N\NAdditionally, the authors apply their results to examine the Straubing monoids with specific involutions, investigating when the variety of involution monoids generated by them contains continuum many subvarieties.