Quadratic residue graph and Shioda elliptic modular surface \(S(4)\) (Q675751)

For each prime number \(p\equiv 1\bmod 4\), one attaches a graph without direction to the prime field \(\mathbb{F}_p= \mathbb{Z}/p \mathbb{Z}\) by means of the Legendre symbol. This graph leads naturally to a rank two reflexive sheaf, denoted \({\mathfrak E}_p\), on the \((p-1)\)-dimensional complex projective space \(\mathbb{P}_{p-1} (\mathbb{C})\) [cf. \textit{N. Sasakura}, \textit{Y. Enta} and \textit{M. Kagesawa}, Proc. Japan Acad., Ser. A 69, No. 5, 144-148 (1993; Zbl 0817.14004)]. If \(p=5\), then it coincides with the Horrocks-Mumford bundle [cf. \textit{G. Horracks} and \textit{D. Mumford}, Topology 12, 63-81 (1973; Zbl 0255.14017)]. The sheaf is both arithmetic and combinatorial in nature and it is seen that invariants of the graph are useful to describe the structure of the sheaf \({\mathfrak E}_p\). As a typical example, the fourth Chern class \(c_4 ({\mathfrak E}_p) (\in\mathbb{Z})\) is given by \[ c_4 ({\mathfrak E}_p)= -40 {\mathcal N}, \tag{C1} \] where \({\mathcal N}= \# \{I\subset \mathbb{F}_p\mid \# I=4\) and whose graph is isomorphic to the square\}. The set is related explicitly to a \(K3\) surface, denoted \(V\), which is defined to be the locus of the following quadratic relations in the five dimensional projective space \(\mathbb{P}_5 (\mathbb{F}_p)\) with homogeneous coordinates \(z_{\alpha \beta}\) \((1\leq\alpha \leq\beta \leq 4)\) \[ z^2_{\alpha \beta} +z^2_{\beta \gamma} =z^2_{\alpha y} \quad (1\leq \alpha< \beta< \gamma\leq 4). \tag{C2} \] Now, it is known that the Shioda elliptic modular surface \(S(4)\) of level 4 is birationally equivalent to a certain Kummer surface [cf. \textit{T. Shioda} in: Manifolds, Proc. Int. Conf. an Manifolds and rel. Topics on Topology, Tokyo 1973, 357-364 (1975; Zbl 0311.14007)]. In \(\S 1\) we see that \(V\) is biregularly equivalent to the Kummer surface. By a structure theorem of \(S(4)\) (cf. \textit{T. Shioda}, loc. cit.), the zeta function of \(S(4)\) (and so that of \(V)\) is expressed by means of the Gaussian sum. Using this we give the following explicit form for (C1) \[ c_4({\mathfrak E}_p) =(-5/64) p(p-1) (p^2-6p+1 +4a^2), \tag{C3} \] where \(a\) is an odd integer determined by the equation \(p=a^2+b^2\) with an even integer \(b\). We also give an interesting graph theoretical interpretation of the formula (cf. \S 3). Next we see that \(V\) is a contraction of \(S(4)\) and study the contraction closely. Define a divisor on \(S(4)\) \[ D= \sum_{(\rho,\sigma) =(\pm a_4,\pm b_4)} \widetilde r_{\rho, \sigma} +\sum^\infty_{s_1=0} \sum^\infty_{t_1=0} \bigl(\widetilde \Psi^{-1} _{\mathbb{P}_1} (s_1)- \Theta_{s_1t_1}), \] where \(\widetilde r_{\rho, \sigma}\) are 4-torsion sections of the elliptic surface \(\widetilde\Psi:S(4)\to\mathbb{P}_1\) and \(a_4\) and \(b_4\) are the basis of the level 4 structure of a generic fibre. The surface \(S(4)\) admits another structure of an elliptic fibration \(S(4)\to \mathbb{P}_1\) and \(t_1\) denotes a local coordinate of the base space. The curve \(\Theta_{s_1t_1}\) is determined by the two structures (cf. \(\S 2)\). Also we fix a sublinear system \({\mathfrak L}\) of dimension 6 of \(H^0(S(4)\), \({\mathcal O}_{S(4)} (D))\). In theorem 2.5 we contract \(S(4)\) to \(V\) by means of \({\mathfrak L}\), by making clear a combinatorial property of the contraction. Concerning theorem 2.5, we make the following remark. The fact that the Kummer surface is a contraction of \(S(4)\) may have been known. By the simple form of \(V\) we may regard it as a suitable projective model of the Kummer surface. This fact and the combinatorial property of the linear system \({\mathfrak L}\) is our key point. Next, \textit{W. Barth} and \textit{K. Hulek} [Manuscr. Math. 50, 73-132 (1985; Zbl 0599.14035)] discussed projective models of the Shioda modlar surface \(S(n)\) \((3\leq n)\) and found a good model for the case of \(n=5\). In the case of \(n=4\), the situation is complicated. The surface \(V\) may be used to find the nice projective model of \(S(4)\).