McKay correspondence and Hilbert schemes (Q676745)

A particular case in the superstring theory where a finite group \(G\) acts upon the target Calabi-Yau manifold \(M\) in the theory seems to attract both physicists' and mathematician's attention. Define the ``orbifold Euler characteristic'': \(\chi (M,G)= {1\over |G |} \sum_{gh=hg} \chi (M^{\langle g, h\rangle})\), where the summation runs over all the pairs \(g,h\) of commuting elements of \(G\), and \(M^{\langle g,h \rangle}\) denotes the subset of \(M\) of all the points fixed by both of \(g\) and \(h\). Vafa's formula-conjecture. If a complex manifold \(M\) has trivial canonical bundle and if \(M/G\) has a (nonsingular) resolution of singularities \(\widetilde {M/G}\) with trivial canonical bundle, then we have \(\chi (\widetilde {M/G} ) = \chi (M,G)\). In the special case where \(M= \mathbb{A}^n\) an \(n\)-dimensional affine space, \(\chi (M,G)\) turns out to be the number of conjugacy classes, or equivalently the number of equivalence classes of irreducible \(G\)-modules. If \(n=2\), then the formula is therefore a corollary to the classical McKay correspondence. Let \(G\) be a finite subgroup of \(SL(2, \mathbb{C})\) and \(\text{Irr} (G)\) the set of all equivalence classes of nontrivial irreducible \(G\)-modules. Let \(X=X_G: =\text{Hilb}^G (\mathbb{A}^2)\), \(S=S_G: =\mathbb{A}^2/G\), \({\mathfrak m}\) (resp. \({\mathfrak m}_S)\) the maximal ideal of \(X\) (resp. \(S)\) at the origin and \({\mathfrak n}: ={\mathfrak m}_S {\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{A}^2}\). Let \(\pi: X\to S\) be the natural morphism and \(E\) the exceptional set of \(\pi\). Let \(\text{Irr} (E)\) be the set of irreducible components of \(E\). Any \(I\in X\) contained in \(E\) is a \(G\)-invariant ideal of \({\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{A}^2}\) which contains \({\mathfrak n}\). Definition: \(V(I): =I/({\mathfrak m} I+{\mathfrak n})\). For any \(\rho\), \(\rho'\), and \(\rho''\in \text{Irr} (G)\) define \(E(\rho): =\{I\in \text{Hilb}^G (\mathbb{A}^2)\); \(V(I)\) contains a \(G\)-module \(V(\rho)\}\) \(P(\rho, \rho'): =\{I\in \text{Hilb}^G (\mathbb{A}^2)\); \(V(I)\) contains a \(G\)-module \(V(\rho) \oplus V(\rho')\}\) \(Q(\rho, \rho', \rho''): =\{I\in \text{Hilb}^G (\mathbb{A}^2)\); \(V(I)\) contains a \(G\)-module \(V(\rho) \oplus V(\rho') \oplus V(\rho'')\}\). Main theorem: (1) The map \(\rho \mapsto E(\rho)\) is a bijective correspondence between \(\text{Irr} (G)\) and \(\text{Irr} (E)\). (2) \(E(\rho)\) is a smooth rational curve for any \(\rho\in \text{Irr} (G)\). (3) \(P(\rho, \rho)= Q(\rho, \rho',\rho'') = \emptyset\) for any \(\rho,\rho', \rho''\in \text{Irr} (G)\).