Realization of Ghys inequality (Q676977)

Let \(\Sigma_s\) be an oriented closed surface of genus \(s\geq 2\) and \(G^r\) be the group of \(C^r\) orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of \(S^1\). For any homomorphism \(\varphi:\pi_1(\Sigma_s)\to G^r\) the Euler number of \(\varphi\) is \(eu(\varphi)= \langle\varphi^*E,[\Sigma_s]\rangle\), where \([\Sigma_s]\in H_2(\pi_1(\Sigma_s))\) is the fundamental class of the surface and \(E\in H_2(G^r)\) is the Euler class. The Ghys inequality states that \(|eu(\varphi)|\leq |\chi(\Sigma_s)|- 1\) when \(r\geq 2\). This paper shows that for any \(s\geq 2\) and \(m\) with \(|m|= 2s-3\) there is a homomorphism \(\varphi:\pi_1(\Sigma_s)\to G^\infty\) with no finite orbit and a nowhere dense orbit such that \(eu(\varphi)= m\).