Fortified join hypergroups (Q677872)

A join hypergroup \(H\) is a commutative hypergroup satisfying the join axiom: (J) \((a/b)\cap(c/d)\neq\emptyset\) implies \((ad)\cap(bc)\neq\emptyset\), for every \(a,b,c,d\) in \(H\). (For the definition and basic properties of the induced hyperoperation \(x/y=\{z\in H\mid x\in zy\}\) see \textit{W. Prenowitz, J. Jantosciak} [Join geometries. A theory of convex sets and linear geometry (Springer, 1979; Zbl 0421.52001)].) A join hypergroup \(H\) having a scalar neutral element \(e\) (i.e. \(ex=x=xe\), for every \(x\in H\)) is called a canonical hypergroup [see \textit{J. Mittas}, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Sér. A 269, 485-488 (1969; Zbl 0205.01502)]. In this paper some properties of a class of join hypergroups, namely that of fortified join hypergroups, are studied. The fortified join hypergroups are strongly connected with the canonical hypergroups. A fortified join hypergroup \((H,+)\) is a join hypergroup satisfying the following two axioms: (FJ1) There exists one and only one element 0 in \(H\) such that \(x\in 0+x\), for every \(x\in H\), and \(0+0=0\). (FJ2) For every \(x\in H\setminus\{0\}\) there exists one and only one \(x'\in H\setminus\{0\}\) such that \(0\in x+x'\). In a fortified join hypergroup \((H,+)\), \(0+x\subseteq\{0,x\}\), for every \(x\in H\). Hence one can distinguish two kinds of elements in \(H\). Thus an element \(x\) is contractive if \(0+x=\{x\}\) and it is attractive if \(0+x=\{0,x\}\). Using this classification and some properties of these types of elements in a fortified join hypergroup the authors establish a structure theorem. More precisely they prove that every fortified join hypergroup can be obtained by the following: Construction: Let \((K,*)\) be a canonical hypergroup and let \((E,*)\) be a fortified join hypergroup in which all the non zero elements are attractive and such that \(K\cap E=\{0\}\). Define, on \(H=K\cup E\), a hypercomposition \(\cdot\) by: \[ x\cdot y=\left\{\begin{matrix} x*y &\text{if}&(x,y)\in E^2&&\\ x*y &\text{if}&(x,y)\in K^2 &\text{and} &y\neq-x\\ (x*y)\cup E &\text{if}&(x,y)\in(K\setminus\{0\})^2 &\text{and} &y=-x\\ y &\text{if}&x\in E &\text{and}& y\in K\setminus\{0\}.\end{matrix}\right. \] Then \((H,\cdot)\) is a fortified join hypergroup. In the end of the paper some results on the subhypergroups of a join hypergroup are obtained.