Quaternionic Kleinian modular groups and arithmetic hyperbolic orbifolds over the quaternions (Q684206)

The modular group is the projective special linear group \(\mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb{Z})\), i.e. the group of \(2x2\) matrices over the ring of integers with determinant \(1\). Modular group act on the extended complex plane \(\mathbb{C} \cup \{\infty\}\) via linear fractional transformations. This group is a discrete subgroup of \(\mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb{R})\) hence called a Fuchsian group and acts discontiniously on the upper half plane. The modular group and its normal subgroups have been extensively studied from many points of view such as number theory, combinatorics, automorphic function theory and etc. The paper under review is about generalizations of modular group. Let \(\mathbb{H}:=\{x_0+x_1i+x_2j+x_3k: x_n\in \mathbb{R}; n=0,1,2,3; i^2=j^2=k^2=-1; ij=-ji=k\}\) be the real quaternions and \(\mathbf{H}^{1}_{\mathbb{H}}:=\{q\in \mathbb{H}: \mathfrak{R}(q)>0\}\) refers the one dimensional half space which is isometric to the real space in four dimensions i.e. \(\mathbf{H}^{1}_{\mathbb{H}} \cong \mathbf{H}^{4}_{\mathbb{R}}\). The group of \(2\times 2\) invertible matrices with entries in \(\mathbb{H}\) acts on \(\mathbb{H} \cup \{\infty\}\) via Möbius transformations. Hence, every \(\begin{pmatrix} a& b\\ c&d \end{pmatrix}\) in \(\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb{H})\) is assocciated with the Möbius transformation \(\frac{aq+b}{cq+d}\) where \(q\in \mathbb{H} \cup \{\infty\}\). A brief information about constructing \(\mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb{H})\) is given in this paper. The set of Möbius transformations that leave \(\mathbb{H} \cup \{\infty\}\) invariant denoted by \(\mathcal{M}_{\mathbf{H}^{1}_{\mathbb{H}}}\). The characterization of this subgroup, which is called Ahlfors conditions, is mentioned in the paper. The main purpose of the paper is to introduce Lipchitz and Hurwitz modular groups denoted by \(\mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathfrak{L})\) and \(\mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathfrak{H})\) respectively. Here, \(\mathfrak{L}\) refers to the Lipchitz integers that is the subset of quaternions with integer coefficients. This is a subring of Hurwitz integers \(\mathfrak{H}\), which can be thought as quaternions with integer and half integer coefficients. Some important properties about orbifolds related to these groups are explored in this paper. Also, fundamental domains are obained geometrically and detailed information is given.