Note on the kinetic energy inequality leading to Lieb's negative ionization upper bound (Q687558)

The author gives an alternative proof of the kinetic energy inequality \[ \text{Re} \int \varphi(x)^{-1}\overline{u(x)}(Tu)(x)dx>0 \tag{1} \] for the Schrödinger operator (S.Op.) \(T\) in \(\mathbb{R}^ 3\), where \(\varphi(x)=\int | x-y|^{-1}d \mu(y)\). The inequality (1) can be found in the article by \textit{E. H. Lieb} [Phys. Rev. A 29, 3018-3028 (1984)], and yields Lieb's bound \(N<2Z+1\) on the maximum negative ionization of an atom with nucleus charge \(Z\) and \(N\) electrons. As the operator \(T\) he treats not only the nonrelativistic S.Op., \(T^{(1)}=(2m)^{-1}\) \(\bigl( -i \nabla-A(x) \bigr)^ 2\), \(m>0\), and the relativistic S.Op., \(T^{(2)}=\sqrt{\bigl(-i \nabla-A(x) \bigr)^ 2+m^ 2}-m\), \(m\geq 0\), but also the Weyl quantized relativistic S.Op., \(T^{(3)}\). Let \(v \in C^ \infty_ 0(\mathbb{R}^ 3)\), \(v_ \varepsilon=\sqrt{| v |^ 2+\varepsilon^ 2}\), \(\varepsilon>0\), and \(T_ 0\) be the operator \(T=T^{(1)}\), \(T^{(2)}\) or \(T^{(3)}\) with \(A(x) \equiv 0\). The author gives a unified proof of the inequality (1) for all three operators \(T^{(1)},T^{(2)}\) and \(T^{(3)}\), based on the Kato-type inequality \[ \text{Re} v(x) \cdot \overline{(Tv)(x)} \geq v_ \varepsilon (x) (T_ 0v_ \varepsilon)(x) \quad \text{for a.e. } x. \]