An example of a nearly integrable Hamiltonian system with a trajectory dense in a set of maximal Hausdorff dimension (Q690743)

A hypothesis of G. Birkhoff and P. Ehrenfest claims that a typical Hamiltonian on a typical energy surface has a dense orbit. The authors construct (implicitly) a Hamiltonian \(H_{\varepsilon}=H_0(I)+\varepsilon H_1 (I,\theta,{\varepsilon})\) with 3 degrees of freedom which has an orbit \(\gamma (t)\) dense in a set of maximal Hausdorff dimension 5 on the unit energy surface \(\{ H_\varepsilon=1 \}\) and thus particularly justify the above hypothesis. Here \(I=(I_x,I_y,I_z) \in \mathbb{R}^3\) are action variables, \(2H_0(I)=I_x^2+I_y^2+I_z^2\) is the unperturbed Hamiltonian, \(\theta=(x,y,z)\!\mod \,1 \in \mathbb{T}^3\) (three dimensional torus) are angle-variables, \(\varepsilon\) is a small perturbing parameter. For each \(\varepsilon \in [0,\varepsilon_0]\), the authors define a fractal set \(F^\infty \subset \{ |I|=1 \}\), similar to the so-called \text{H}-tree. Its Hausdorff dimension equals 2 and consists of segments of certain resonant planes \(\pi_n = \{ k \cdot I = 0 \}\), \(k \in \mathbb{Z}^3\). It is proved that there exists a trajectory \(\gamma (t)\) on \(\{ H_\varepsilon=1 \}\) which, following the segments of \(\pi_n\), visits an arbitrary small neighborhood of each torus in \(F^\infty \times \mathbb{T}^3\). Let us note that no similar diffusing trajectory is possible in the case of two degrees of freedom.