The associative-commutative spectrum of a binary operation (Q6926496)

Associativity and commutativity are important properties for binary operations. In this paper, the authors provide some general results on the associative-commutative (ac) spectrum. Moreover, they precisely determine this measure for certain binary operations and also propose some problems for future study. In Section 2, they briefly recall some fundamental concepts that are necessary for their work and introduce the (fine) associative-commutative spectrum of a groupoid. In Section 3, they show that the various upper bounds for the associative-commutative spectra can be achieved by certain free groupoids. In the following section the authors study the ac-spectra of some associative or commutative groupoids. Furthermore, they draw attention to ac-spectra of bilinear products in algebras over a field and focus on the ac-spectra of some totally non-associative operations that are not commutative or anti-commutative. Finally, the authors obtain a formula involving the Stirling numbers of the second kind for the ac-spectrum of a binary operation \(*\) satisfying the property that any two full linear terms agree on \(*\) if and only if the right depth sequences of their corresponding binary trees are congruent modulo \(k\).