The fiber-full scheme (Q6935762)

Hilbert schemes and Quot schemes (constructed by \textit{A. Grothendieck} using representable functors [Sem. Bourbaki 13, No. 221, 28 p. (1961; Zbl 0236.14003)]) are extremely useful in algebraic geometry, both as tools and as objects of study. Given a projective morphism \(f: X \subset \mathbb P^r_S \to S\), the Quot scheme \(\mathrm{Quot}^P_{\mathcal F/X/S}\) is the fine moduli space parametrizing all quotients of a coherent sheaf \(\mathcal F\) on \(X\) that are flat over \(S\) having Hilbert polynomial \(P (t) \in \mathbb Q [t]\) on the fibers; the Hilbert scheme is the special case when \(\mathcal F = \mathcal O_X\). In the paper under review, the authors follow Grothendieck's construction to refine these schemes by fixing all the cohomological dimensions of all twists of the sheaves parametrized. Thus they first define the contravariant functor \(\mathrm{Fib}_{\mathcal F/X/S}\) whose value at a scheme \(T \to S\) is the set of all coherent quotients \(\mathcal F_T \to \mathcal G\) such that \(R^i f_{(T)_*} (\mathcal G (v))\) is locally free over \(T\) for all \(0 \leq i \leq r\) and \(v \in \mathbb Z\). Then they fix a function \(h = (h_0, \dots, h_r): \mathbb Z^{r+1} \to \mathbb N^{r+1}\) and define the subfunctor \(\mathrm{Fib}^h_{\mathcal F/X/S} \subset \mathrm{Fib}_{\mathcal F/X/S}\) consisting of the quotients \(\mathcal G\) for which \(\dim H^i (\mathcal G (v)) = h_i (v)\) for all \(0 \leq i \leq r\) and \(v \in \mathbb Z\). The main theorem says that if \(S\) is locally Noetherian, then both functors are representable by quasi-projective \(S\)-schemes and that the representing scheme \(\mathrm{Fib}^h_{\mathcal F/X/S}\) is a locally closed subscheme of the Quot scheme \(\mathrm{Quot}^{P_h}_{\mathcal F/X/S}\), where \(P_h\) is the Hilbert polynomial that corresponds to the cohomology functions \(h_i\). The main tool in their proof is a flattening stratification theorem which uses techniques seen in papers of \textit{M. Chardin} et al. [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 375, No. 1, 87--109 (2022; Zbl 1484.13041)] and \textit{Y. Cid-Ruiz} [Math. Z. 303, No. 2, Paper No. 30, 14 p. (2023; Zbl 1509.13021)]. In the case \(\mathcal F = \mathcal O_X\), where they produce Hilbert schemes with constant cohomology, they show that the loci of Arithemetically Cohen-Macaulay and Arithmetically Gorenstein schemes are open.\N\NThere will be many applications. The authors consider Hilbert schemes of points in \(\mathbb P^r\), showing that \(\mathrm{Fib}^h_{X/S} = \mathrm{Hilb}^{P_h}_{X/S}\), where \(P_h\) is the constant Hilbert polynomial. They recover results on the Hilbert scheme of twisted cubics in \(\mathbb P^3\) studied by \textit{R. Piene} and \textit{M. Schlessinger} [Am. J. Math. 107, 761--774 (1985; Zbl 0589.14009)], the Hilbert scheme of skew lines in \(\mathbb P^3\) studied by \textit{D. Chen} et al. [Commun. Algebra 39, No. 8, 3021--3043 (2011; Zbl 1238.14012)], and the recent classification of \textit{R. Skjelnes} and \textit{G. G. Smith} of the smooth Hilbert schemes [J. Reine Angew. Math. 794, 281--305 (2023; Zbl 1506.14011)]. They also use the Fiber-full schemes as a parameter space of square-free Gröbner degenerations, as seen in work of \textit{A. Conca} and \textit{M. Varbaro} [Invent. Math. 221, No. 3, 713--730 (2020; Zbl 1451.13076)]. In subsequent work (which appeared earlier) the authors made a local study of the fiber-full scheme, including obstruction theory [J. Algebra 636, 248--278 (2023; Zbl 1527.14010)].