Murmurations (Q6937076)

Using machine learning and computational techniques, \textit{Y.-H. He} et al. [Exp. Math. 34, No. 3, 528--540 (2025; Zbl 08098023)] discovered an oscillation pattern in the averages of Frobenius traces of elliptic curves of fixed rank and conductor in a bounded interval. This discovery is referred to as murmurations due to its visual similarity to bird flight patterns. Later, Sutherland detected this bias in more general families of arithmetic \(L\)-functions, for instance, those associated to weight \(k\) holomorphic modular cusp forms for \(\Gamma_0(N)\) with conductor in a geometric interval range \([N, cN]\) and a fixed root number.\N\NIn the present paper, the author establishes this bias in families of modular forms of square-free level with arbitrary fixed weight and root number. She gives a description of the resulting correlation functions for holomorphic modular forms of any fixed weight \(k\) and examine the asymptotic properties of these functions. Her result arises from an application of the Eichler-Selberg trace formula to the composition of Hecke and Atkin-Lehner operators, which allows to reinterpret the sum in terms of class numbers. She then computes class number averages in short intervals by means of the class number formula.