On some products of groups (Q6937087)

A classical result of \textit{R. Baer} [Ill. J. Math. 1, 115--187 (1957; Zbl 0077.03003)] states that if a group \(G=AB\) is the product of two normal supersoluble subgroups \(A\) and \(B\), then \(G\) is supersoluble provided that the derived subgroup \(G'\) is nilpotent. This result has been the subject of extensive generalizations. Recently, \textit{A. Ballester-Bolinches} et al. [Proc. Edinb. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 66, No. 1, 89--99 (2023; Zbl 1517.20030)] introduced the concept of \textit{weak normal products} for finite groups, requiring only that one factor \(N\) is normal and the other factor \(X\) permutes with every maximal subgroup of every Sylow subgroup of \(N\).\N\NIn the paper under review, the authors further weaken these conditions and extend the investigation to infinite groups. Let \(G=XN\) be a group with a normal subgroup \(N\). The group \(G\) is called the \textit{very weak normal product} of \(X\) and \(N\) if for every \(G\)-invariant subgroup \(M\) of \(N\), the factor group \(XM/M\) permutes with all divisible subgroups of \(N/M\) and with all maximal subgroups of the non-cyclic Sylow subgroups of \(N/M\). If additionally \(X \cap N = \{1\}\), \(G\) is called a \textit{very weak direct product}.\N\NThe authors use the tensor product method introduced by \textit{D. J. S. Robinson} [Math. Z. 107, 225--231 (1968; Zbl 0167.02202)] to establish results for infinite groups, specifically for the class of homomorphic images of periodic linear groups. It is shown that if \(G=X \ltimes N\) is a very weak direct product and \(N\) is supersoluble (respectively paranilpotent), then \(N\) is \(G\)-supersoluble (respectively \(G\)-paranilpotent) (Theorems 3.8 and 3.10). For very weak normal products \(G=XN\), the authors prove that if \(G'\) is nilpotent (or locally nilpotent in certain contexts) and the factors \(X\) and \(N\) belong to a relevant class \(\mathfrak{X}\) (such as locally supersoluble or paranilpotent groups), then \(G\) also belongs to \(\mathfrak{X}\) (Theorems 4.4 and 4.5).\N\NFurthermore, the paper investigates the behavior of residuals. The authors prove that for a very weak direct product (and under certain conditions, very weak normal products), the residual of the product is the product of the residuals, i.e., \(G^{\mathfrak{X}} = X^{\mathfrak{X}}N^{\mathfrak{X}}\), where \(\mathfrak{X}\) is the class of locally supersoluble or paranilpotent groups. Finally, subnormality results for the derived subgroup of the factor \(X\) are established.\N\NThe main results are as follows: \N\NTheorem 3.8. Let \(G=X \ltimes N\) be the very weak direct product of the groups \(X\) and \(N\). If \(N\) is supersoluble, then \(N\) is \(G\)-supersoluble. In particular, \(X/C_X(N)\) is polycyclic.\N\NTheorem 4.4. Let \(G\) be a homomorphic image of a periodic linear group of characteristic \(p \ge 0\) and assume that \(G'\) is locally nilpotent. If \(G=XN\) is the very weak normal product of the locally supersoluble subgroups \(X\) and \(N\), with \(N \le G\), then \(G\) is locally supersoluble.\N\NTheorem 4.10. Let \(G\) be a homomorphic image of a periodic linear group of characteristic \(p \ge 0\) such that \(G'\) is nilpotent. Assume \(G=XN\) is the product of the subgroups \(X\) and \(N\), where \(N \le G\). If \(YN\) is the very weak normal product of \(Y\) and \(N\) whenever \(Y\) is any Sylow subgroup of \(X\), then \(G^{P\mathcal{N}}=X^{P\mathcal{N}}N^{P\mathcal{N}}\) (where \(P\mathcal{N}\) denotes the class of paranilpotent groups).