Singularly perturbed Hopf boundary equilibrium of planar piecewise smooth vector fields (Q6967682)

Let \(Z=(X,Y;\Sigma)\) be a planar Filippov system having a weak focus-regular point at the origin. That is, the origin is a weak focus of order one for \(X\) and a regular point for \(Y\), transversal to \(\Sigma\). Except by a diffeomorphism, it is no loss of generality to suppose \(\Sigma=\{(x,y)\in\mathbb{R}^2\colon y=0\}\), and\N\[\NX(x,y)=\bigl(-y-x(x^2+y^2),x-y(x^2+y^2)\bigr), \quad Y(x,y)=(0,1).\N\]\NIn this paper the authors consider a \(\mathcal{C}^n\)-Sotomayor-Teixeira regularization of \(Z\) and obtain a complete characterization of the dynamics of \(Z\) near the origin.\N\NTheir main result is this characterization which, surprisingly, depends on whether \(n\) is even or odd.\N\NAfter regularizing \(Z\), to obtain the complete characterization of the dynamics, they make use of Fenichel's theory for slow-fast vector fields to study the dynamics of a slow critical manifold \(S\) that arises from the regularization. They prove that \(S\) is, except by a unique point, a normally hyperbolic manifold.\N\NTo study the dynamics of this unique point in which \(S\) fails to be normaly hyperbolic, the authors make a blow up of this point, which give rises to a new slow critical manifold which again fails to be normally hyperbolic in a unique point. In this second point they make a second blow up, obtaining a complete desingularized characterization of the dynamics.\N\NAfter this second blow up, the authors study this final desingularized structure to obtain the main result.\N\NThe paper is well organized and clear. The introduction have well-written subsections explaining to the reader each one of the tools used here, such as Filippov convention, Sotomayor-Teixeira regularization, and generic singular perturbation theory.\N\NThe main theorem although technical, has a clear path organized by three sections where they set the problem, apply Fenichel's theorem, and make a sequence of blow ups.\N\NAll these steps are illustrated with high-quality figures which helps the reader to follow the reasoning.