Cesàro asymptotics for orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle and classes of measures (Q696864)

Let \(\mathcal P\) be the set of all probability measures on the unit circle \(\mathbb T\) equipped with the weak-* topology. Given \(\sigma \in \mathcal P\), the sequence of orthonormal polynomials \(\{ \varphi _n\}_{n \geq 0}\) is defined by \[ \int_{\mathbb T} \varphi _n \overline{\varphi _k} d\sigma =\delta _{n,k} , \quad n, k \in {\mathbb Z}_+ ; \quad \varphi _n(z)=\kappa _n z^n+\dots, \quad \kappa _n>0 . \] The reflection coefficients or Geronimus parameters of \(\sigma \) are given by \[ a_k=-{\overline{\varphi_{n+1}(0)} \over \kappa _{n+1}} , \quad n \in {\mathbb Z}_+ . \] Several subclasses of \(\mathcal P\) are usually defined: Szegő class \(S=\{ \sigma \in {\mathcal P}: \sum_{n=0}^\infty |a_n|^2 < \infty\}\); Nevai class \(N=\{ \sigma \in {\mathcal P}: \lim_{n \to \infty} a_n=0\}\); Rakhmanov class \(R=\{ \sigma \in {\mathcal P}: *-\lim_{n \to \infty} |\varphi _n|^2d\sigma =d m\}\), where \(m\) is the normalized Lebesgue measure on \(\mathbb T\). It is well known that \(S \subset N \subset R\). The authors study the ``Cesàro'' versions of these classes: Cesàro-Nevai class \(CN=\{ \sigma \in {\mathcal P}: {1 \over n+1} \sum_{k=0}^n |a_k|=0\}\) and Cesàro-Rakhmanov class \[ CR=\left\{ \sigma \in {\mathcal P}: *-\lim_{n \to \infty} {1 \over n+1} \sum_{k=0}^n |\varphi _k|^2d\sigma =d m \right\}. \] Class \(CN\) is described in terms of the orthonormal polynomials and of functions associated with the Schur function \(f(z)\), defined by \[ \int_{\mathbb T} {\zeta + z \over \zeta - z} d \sigma (\zeta)={1+z f(z) \over 1-z f(z)} . \] For instance, if \(A_n / B_n\) are the approximants of the even part of the Wall continued fraction representing \(f\), it is shown that \[ \lim_{n \to \infty} {1 \over n+1} \sum_{k=0}^n \int_{\mathbb T} \bigg|f-{A_k \over B_k}\bigg|^2 dm=0 \] if and only if either \(\sigma\) is singular or \(\sigma \in CN\). Moreover, it is proved that \(CN \subset CR\) and that the class \(CN\) contains measures \(\sigma \) such that \(\{ |\varphi _n|^2 d\sigma \}_{n \geq 0}\) is dense in \(\mathcal P\) (universal measures). The mass point problem is considered also: the authors show that if \(\delta_{\zeta}\) is a Dirac delta (mass point) at \(\zeta \in \mathbb T\), then \[ \sigma \in CN \quad \Rightarrow \quad (1-t)\sigma +t \delta _\zeta \in CN , \quad t \in [0, 1) . \] Finally, an ``opposite'' Szegő class \(OP \subset \mathcal P\), defined by the condition \[ \sum_{n=0}^\infty \big( 1-|a_n|^2\big)^{1/2}<\infty , \] is described in terms of Hessenberg matrices. There are other interesting results in the paper, that those interested in orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle should not miss.