Melnikov method for perturbed completely integrable systems (Q6973279)

An \(N-\)dimensional autonomous system\N\[\N\dot{x}=f_0(x),\qquad x(t_0)=x_0\N\]\Ndefined on the open set \(\mathcal{D}\subset\mathbb{R}^N\) is completely integrable if there exists a smooth submersion \(I=(I_1,\dots,I_{N-1})\colon \mathcal{D}\to\mathbb{R}^{N-1}\) such that every orbit of the system in \(\mathcal{D}\) is included in a level set of the form \(I^{-1}(\xi)\neq\emptyset\), for some \(\xi\in\mathbb{R}^{N-1}\). Thus the authors consider the following perturbed systems\N\[\N\dot{x}=f_0(x)+\epsilon f_1(x,t;\epsilon),\qquad x(t_0)=x_0,\N\]\Nwhere \(f_0\in\mathcal{C}^2(\mathcal{D};\mathbb{R}^N)\) and \(f_1\in\mathcal{C}^2(\mathcal{D}\times \mathbb{R}\times(-\delta,\delta);\mathbb{R}^N)\) for some \(\delta>0\). Moreover, there exists a constant \(T>0\) such that \(f_1(x,t;\epsilon)=f_1(x,t+T;\epsilon)\), for all \(x\), \(t\) and \(\epsilon\). To be precise, we now cite the authors' assumptions\N\begin{itemize}\N\item \(I^{-1}(\xi)\subset \mathcal{D}\) is a union of disjoint closed curves, given by periodic solutions.\N\item For each periodic orbit with initial condition \(x_0\in \mathcal{D}\), the period number \(P(x_0)\) is positive, and the map \(x_0\mapsto P(x_0)\) is \(\mathcal{C}^1\) on \(\mathcal{D}\).\N\item There are \(x_0\in \mathcal{D}\) and non-zero \(m,n\in\mathbb{N}\) such that \(m P(x_0)=nT\), where \(T\) is the period of \(f_1\).\N\item There exists a smooth \((N-1)-\)submanifold \(\mathcal{D}_0\in \mathcal{D}\) such that each non-trivial solution of the autonomous system with \(\epsilon=0\) intersects \(\mathcal{D}_0\) in a single point.\N\end{itemize}\NIn this context, the authors obtain conditions for the existence and stability of periodic orbits of the system by studying the existence of fixed points of the Poincaré map. Furthermore, the last section includes illustrative applications, analyzing not only the generalized Euler system, but also the harmonic oscillator.