Analytical properties of derivative polynomials (Q6983795)

Motivated by exploring the similarity of derivative polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials, the authors prove various interesting combinatorial identities of the derivative polynomials for tangent and secant. Define the derivative polynomials \(P_n(x)\) and \(Q_n(x)\) as \N\[\N\frac{\mathrm{d}^n}{\mathrm{d}\theta^n}\tan\theta=P_n(\tan\theta)\quad\text{and}\quad \frac{\mathrm{d}^n}{\mathrm{d}\theta^n}\sec\theta=\sec\theta P_n(\tan\theta). \N\] \NSome of their results are highlighted as follows:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item The authors prove that \N\[\N\sum_{n\geq0}P_n(x)\frac{x^n}{n!}=\frac{x+\tan z}{1-x\tan z}\quad\text{and}\quad\sum_{n\geq0}Q_n(x)\frac{x^n}{n!}=\frac{\sec z}{1-x\tan z} \N\] \Nvia the Taylor expansion of \(\tan(\theta+z)\) and \(\sec(\theta+z)\).\N\item They also prove that\N\begin{align*}\NQ_{2n}(x)&=(-1)^n+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\binom{2n}{2k+1}(-1)^k P_{2n-2k-1}(x),\\\NQ_{2n+1}(x)&=(-1)^n+\sum_{k=0}^{n}\binom{2n+1}{2k+1}(-1)^k P_{2n-2k}(x)\N\end{align*}\Nusing e.g.f.s. In particular, they show\N\begin{align*}\Ns_{2n}&=(-1)^n+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\binom{2n}{2k+1}(-1)^k2^{2n-2k-1}E_{2n-2k-1},\\\Ns_{2n+1}&=(-1)^n+\sum_{k=0}^{n}\binom{2n+1}{2k+1}(-1)^k2^{2n-2k}E_{2n-2k},\N\end{align*}\Nwhere \(s_n\) are Springer numbers and \(E_n\) are Euler numbers.\N\item The authors find some Frobenius-type formulas for the exterior peak and left peak polynomials over permutations.\N\item They prove that the Möbius transformations of Eulerian polynomials are the derivative polynomials.\N\end{itemize}\NAll these identities are worthy of further in-depth study.