Simple geometric mitosis (Q7006947)

\textit{A. Knutson} and \textit{E. Miller} [J. Comb. Theory, Ser. A 103, No. 2, 223--235 (2003; Zbl 1030.05118); Ann. Math. (2) 161, No. 3, 1245--1318 (2005; Zbl 1089.14007)] introduced mitosis for pipe dreams of type A. A mitosis operation assigns a collection of pipe dreams to a given pipe dream. Pipe dreams enumerate:\N\N-- monomials in Schubert polynomials [\textit{S. C. Billey} et al., J. Algebr. Comb. 2, No. 4, 345--374 (1993; Zbl 0790.05093); \textit{S. Fomin} and \textit{R. P. Stanley}, Adv. Math. 103, No. 2, 196--207 (1994; Zbl 0809.05091)],\N\N-- reduced Kogan faces of Gelfand-Zetlin polytopes of type A [\textit{M. Kogan}, PhD Thesis, MIT (2000)],\N\N-- components of matrix Schubert varieties [\textit{A. Knutson} and \textit{E. Miller}, Ann. Math. (2) 161, No. 3, 1245--1318 (2005; Zbl 1089.14007)],\N\N-- components in semitoric degenerations of Schubert varieties in type A [\textit{M. Kogan} and \textit{E. Miller}, Adv. Math. 193, No. 1, 1--17 (2005; Zbl 1084.14049)].\N\NMoreover, pipe dreams encode Schubert cycles on complete flag varieties for general linear groups [\textit{M. Kogan}, PhD Thesis, MIT (2000)]. \textit{E. Smirnov} and \textit{A. Tutubalina} [Eur. J. Comb. 107, Article ID 103613, 46 p. (2023; Zbl 1509.14100)], \textit{N. Fujita} and \textit{Y. Nishiyama} [Math. Z. 307, No. 4, Paper No. 69, 24 p. (2024; Zbl 1554.05181)] introduced pipe dreams of types B, C, and D.\N\NThe mitosis algorithm is constructive and iterative, relying on a reduced decomposition of a permutation. In a more general setting, two similar algorithms depend on a reduced decomposition of an element from the Weyl group:\N\N-- computation of Schubert cycles on a complete flag variety for a reductive group via divided-difference operators on the Chow ring [\textit{I. N. Bernstein} et al., Russ. Math. Surv. 28, No. 3, 1--26 (1973; Zbl 0289.57024)], [\textit{M. Demazure}, Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm. Supér. (4) 7, 53--88 (1974; Zbl 0312.14009)],\N\N-- computation of Demazure characters for Schubert varieties via Demazure operators [\textit{H. H. Andersen}, Invent. Math. 79, 611--618 (1985; Zbl 0591.14036)].\N\NIn the inductive procedures, the two operators are applied in the opposite order. The current paper illustrates that the order matters.\N\NBoth computational problems have convex geometric solutions via unions of faces for some classes of polytopes and reductive groups [\textit{M. Kogan}, PhD Thesis, MIT (2000); \textit{V. Kiritchenko}, Int. Math. Res. Not. 2010, No. 13, 2512--2531 (2010; Zbl 1213.14089); \textit{V. A. Kirichenko} et al., Russ. Math. Surv. 67, No. 4, 685--719 (2012; Zbl 1258.14055); translation from Usp. Mat. Nauk 67, No. 4, 89--128 (2012); \textit{V. Kiritchenko}, Adv. Stud. Pure Math. 71, 161--184 (2016; Zbl 1388.52007); \textit{V. Kiritchenko}, Int. Math. Res. Not. 2023, No. 4, 3305--3328 (2023; Zbl 1511.14084)]. Such solutions are often called geometric mitosis. One of the crucial ingredients for geometric mitosis is an isomorphism between the Chow ring of the projective toric variety associated with a simple polytope and the corresponding polytope ring, introduced by \textit{A. V. Pukhlikov} and \textit{A. G. Khovanskii} [St. Petersbg. Math. J. 4, No. 4, 789--812 (1992; Zbl 0798.52010); translation from Algebra Anal. 4, No. 4, 188--216 (1992)].\N\NIn the present paper, Kiritchenko designs a purely combinatorial version of mitosis on Cayley polytopes. The mitosis depends on the choice of a Cayley decomposition, a simple vertex, and an admissible face, and it is more general and universal:\N\N-- The new mitosis is coherent with the Knutson-Miller mitosis in type A and the \textit{N. Fujita} [Adv. Math. 397, Article ID 108201, 42 p. (2022; Zbl 1494.14054)] mitosis in type C. To get the equivalence for a Gelfand-Zetlin polytope of type A or C, we only need to choose a (symplectic) Kogan face, while the simple vertex is prescribed.\N\N-- New mitosis operators provide Schubert classes on complete flag varieties for general linear groups and act in the same order as divided difference operators.\N\NHowever, the new geometric mitosis turns out to be simple to list all faces of Schubert cycle geometric realizations for dual Kogan faces of symplectic Gelfand-Zetlin polytopes and a non-standard choice of a simple vertex. This simple geometric mitosis serves as the first approximation to the divided difference operator on a polytope ring.