Singular homology of roots of unity (Q7014476)

A function \(c : 2^X \rightarrow 2^X\) is said to be a \textit{closure operator} for a set \(X\) if (1) \(c(\emptyset) = \emptyset\), (2) \(A \subset c(A)\) for all \(A \in 2^X\), and (3) \(c (A \cup B) = c(A) \cup c(B)\) for all \(A,B \in 2^X\). The pair \((X,c)\) with a set \(X\) and a closure operator \(c\) is called a \textit{closure space}. Let \((S^1, c_r)\) be a closure space whose closure operator \(c_r : 2^{S^1} \rightarrow 2^{S^1}\) is defined by \N\[\Nc_r (A) = \{ x \in S^1 ~~\vert~~ \mathrm{dist}(x,A) = {\displaystyle\inf_{y \in A}} d(x,y) \leq r \} \N\]\Nfor a given parameter \(r \in \mathbb{R}\), where \(A \in 2^{S^1}\). Let \((\mathbb{Z}_n, c_m)\) be a closure space whose closure operator \(c_m\) is given by \N\[\Nc_m (A) = \bigcup_{i \in A} c_m (i). \N\]\NHere, \(c_m (i) = \{j \in \mathbb{Z}_n ~~\vert~~ d(i,j) \leq k \}\) for a metric \(d\) on \(\mathbb{Z}_n\) defined by \(d(i,j) =\min\{ |k| ~~\vert~~ k = i-j \bmod n\}\). In [Suppl. Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo, II. Ser. 3, 119--126 (1984; Zbl 0548.55012)], \textit{D. C. Demaria} and \textit{G. R. Bogin} studied and extended homotopy and homology theory from topological spaces to closure spaces, and in [Topology Appl. 296, Article ID 107613, 41 p. (2021; Zbl 1475.55007)], \textit{A. Rieser} developed the theory of covering spaces in the category of closure spaces and computed fundamental groups of various closure spaces such as \((S^1, c_r)\) and \((\mathbb{Z}_n, c_m)\).\N\NIn the paper under review, the author investigates the Hurewicz theorem in dimension one, the excision theorem, and the Mayer-Vietoris theorems on closure spaces, and calculates the homology groups of closure spaces \((S^1, c_r)\), \((\mathbb{Z}_n, c_m)\), and their wedge sums. More precisely and interestingly, the author shows that (1) \(H_1 (S^1,c_r) \cong \mathbb{Z}\) for \(0 \leq r < 1/3\), and is trivial for \(1/2 \leq r\); (2) \(H_1 (\mathbb{Z}_n, c_m) \cong \mathbb{Z}\) for \(3 \leq 3m < n\), and is trivial for \([n/2] \leq m\) or \(n =3, 1 \leq m\); (3) \(H_k (\mathbb{Z}_n, c_m)\) is trivial for \(k \geq 2\) and \(n \geq 4m\); (4) \(H_k (\mathbb{Z}_n, c_m) \cong H_k (\mathbb{Z}_{n+4}, c_{m+1})\) under the suitable conditions; (5) \(H_k (\mathbb{Z}_{4m-4}, c_m) \cong H_k (\mathbb{Z}_{4m}, c_{m+1})\) for all \(m \geq 5\) and \(k \in \mathbb{N}\); etc.