A Lindelöf property for uniformly normal families (Q710363)

The space of holomorphic maps from a Riemann surface \(\Omega\) to a Riemann surface \(Y\) with the compact-open topology will be denoted by \(H(\Omega, Y)\). If \( F\) and \(G\) are families of maps, then \(F \circ G := \{f \circ g : f \in F, g \in G\}\). Definition 1. A sequence \(\{f_n\} \subset H(\mathbb D, Y)\) of maps from the unit disk \(\mathbb D\) to a Riemann surface \(Y\) has the asymptotic value \(p \subset Y\) along a Jordan arc \(J \subset\mathbb D\) ending at \(1 \) if \(\lim_{J\ni r_n\to 1} f(r_n) = p\). If \(J\) is the radial line \( \overline{01}\), the asymptotic value \(\lim_{J\ni r_n\to 1} f(r_n)\) is called the radial limit at \(1\). The non-tangential region \(\Gamma_\alpha\), \(\alpha > 1\), and the angular region \(A_\theta\), \(\theta \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2})\), at \(1\in \partial\mathbb D\) are defined as follows: \[ \Gamma_\alpha=\bigg\{z \in \mathbb D : \frac{|1-z|}{1-|z|}<\alpha\bigg\},\qquad A_\theta=\Big\{z\in\mathbb D: \pi-\theta<\arg(z-1)<\pi+\theta\Big\}. \] Definition 2. A sequence \(\{f_n\} \subset H(\mathbb D, Y)\) from the unit disk \(\mathbb D\) to a Riemann surface \(Y\) has a non-tangential (or angular) limit at \(1\) if \(\lim_{\Gamma_\alpha\ni z_n\to 1} f(z_n)\) exists for all non-tangential regions \(\Gamma_\alpha\) at \(1\), \(\alpha > 1\). The non-Euclidean distance on the unit disk \(\mathbb D\) and the spherical distance on the Riemann sphere \(P^1(\mathbb C)\) are denoted by \(\rho\) and \(\chi\), respectively. Main Theorem. Suppose, for some Jordan arc \(J\) in an angular region \(A_\theta\) at \( 1\), \(\theta \in \big(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\big)\), \(\{f_n\} \subset H\big(\mathbb D, P^1(\mathbb C)\big)\) is a relatively compact sequence with the asymptotic value \(p\) at \(1\) along \(J\). Then the following are equivalent. \(\quad\)(1) The sequence \(\{f_n\}\) does not have a non-tangential limit at \(1\). \(\quad\)(2) There exist an angular region \(A_{\theta'}\) at \(1\), \(\theta' \in \big(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\big)\), and a sequence \(\{g_n\} \subset H(\mathbb D, A_{\theta'})\) such that the sequence \(\{f_n\circ g_n\}\) is not relatively compact. \(\quad\)(3) There exist an angular region \(A_{\theta'}\) at \(1\), \(\theta' \in \big(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\big)\), and sequences \(\{z_n\}\) and \(\{w_n\}\) in \(A_{\theta'}\) both converging to \(1\) such that \(\lim \rho(z_n,w_n) = 0\) and \(\lim \chi\big(f_n(w_n), f_n(z_n)\big) \neq 0\). The following corollaries extend the theorems of Fatou and Lindelöf, but with the additional requirement that the Jordan curve be contained in an angular region. Corollary 1. Let \(\{f_n\} \subset H(\mathbb D,\mathbb C)\) be a uniformly bounded sequence. If the sequence \(\{f_n\}\) has a radial limit at \(1\), then it has a non-tangential limit at \(1\). Corollary 2. Let \(\{f_n\} \subset H(\mathbb D,\mathbb C)\) be a uniformly bounded sequence with an asymptotic value \(p\) at \(1\) along a Jordan curve \(J\) in an angular region \(A_{\theta}\) at \(1\), \(\theta \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2})\). Then the sequence \(\{f_n\}\) has a non-tangential limit at \(1\). The family of all holomorphic automorphisms of a domain \(\Omega\subset \mathbb C\) is denoted by \(A(\Omega)\). Definition 3. A meromorphic map \(f\in H\big(\Omega,P^1(\mathbb C)\big)\) from a simply connected domain \(\Omega\) is called normal if the family \(\big\{f\circ g: g \in A(\Omega)\big\}\) is normal. A family \(F \subset H(\mathbb D, \mathbb C)\) is called invariant if \(F\circ A(D)=F\). Definition 4. A family \(F \subset H(\mathbb D, \mathbb C)\) is called uniformly normal if there exists \(B > 0\) such that, whenever \(f\in F\) and \( z_1, z_2 \in\mathbb D\) such that \(\big|f(z_1)\big|\leq 1\) and \(\big|f(z_2)\big| \geq e^B\), then \(\rho(z_1,z_2) > 1/2\). Proposition 1. Let \(F \subset H(\mathbb D, \mathbb C)\) be an invariant family. Then \(F\) is uniformly normal iff it is normal. Proposition 2. Let \(F \subset H(\mathbb D, \mathbb C)\). Then the following are equivalent. \(\quad\)(1) \(F\) is uniformly normal. \(\quad\)(2) \(F\circ H(\mathbb D,\mathbb D)\) is uniformly normal. \(\quad\)(3) \(F\circ H(\mathbb D,\mathbb D)\) is relatively compact in \(H\big(\mathbb D,P^1(\mathbb C)\big)\). \(\quad\)(4) \(F\circ A(\mathbb D)\) is normal. \(\quad\)(5) \(F\) is a subset of an invariant normal family. Definition 5. Let \(\Omega\) be a domain in \(\mathbb C\). A family \(F \subset H\big(\mathbb D, P^1(\mathbb C)\big)\) is uniformly normal if \(F\circ H\big(\mathbb D,\Omega\big)\) is relatively compact in \(H\big(\mathbb D,P^1(\mathbb C)\big)\). The following corollary is a 'generalization' of the theorem of Lehto and Virtanen on the Lindelöf principle with the additional requirement that the Jordan curve be contained in an angular region. Corollary 3. Suppose the family \(F \subset H\big(\mathbb D,P^1(\mathbb C)\big)\) is uniformly normal. If \(\{f_n\}\subset F\) is a sequence with an asymptotic value at \(1\) along a Jordan curve \(J \subset A_\theta\) for some angular region \(A_{\theta}\) at \(1\), \(\theta \in \big(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\big)\), then this sequence has a non-tangential limit at \(1\). Corollary 4. Suppose \(\{f_n\} \subset H\big(\mathbb D, P^1(\mathbb C)\big)\) is a sequence with an asymptotic value at \(1\) along a Jordan curve \(J\subset A_{\theta}\) for some angular region \(A_{\theta}\) at \(1\), \(\theta \in \big(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\big)\). If the sequence of restrictions of the \(\{f_n\}\) to an angular region at \(1\) in \(\mathbb D\) is uniformly normal, then the sequence \(\{f_n\}\) has a non-tangential limit at \(1\).