The construction of numerically Calabi-Yau orders on projective surfaces (Q713291)

This article concentrates on orders over commutative surfaces and the construction of these. A lot is known about about orders. Both del Pezzo and numerically Calabi-Yau orders have been classified using their ramification data. However, relatively few explicit examples have been realized, and this work is devoted to the explicit construction of orders on surfaces. An order \(A\) on a scheme \(Z\) is a coherent sheaf of \(\mathcal O_Z\)-algebras such that \(A\) is torsion free and, \(K(A):=A\otimes_{\mathcal O_Z}K(Z)\) is a central simple \(K(Z)\)-algebra. The set of orders on \(Z\) contained in \(K(A)\) is a partially ordered set with respect to inclusion, and thus it makes sense to talk about maximal orders. For a maximal order \(A\) on a surface \(Z\), with ramification curves \(D_i\) and corresponding ramification indices \(e_i\), the canonical divisor \(K_A\in\text{Div}Z\) is defined by \(K(A):=K_Z+\sum(1-\frac{1}{e_i})D_i\). \(A\) is called numerically Calabi-Yau if \(K_A\) is numerically trivial. Chan introduced the noncommutative cyclic covering trick and utilized it in constructing examples of del Pezzo orders, which are noncommutative analogues of del Pezzo surfaces. This article considers the much more difficult construction of numerically Calabi-Yau orders, the noncommutative analogues of surfaces with Kodaira dimension \(0\). Let \(Y\) be a scheme, \(\sigma:Y\rightarrow Y\) an automorphism of order \(n\), \(G=\langle\sigma|\sigma^n=1\rangle\) and \(L\in\text{Pic} Y\). Let \(C\) be an effective Cartier divisor and suppose there exists an isomorphism of invertible bimodules \(\phi:L^n_\sigma\tilde\rightarrow\mathcal O_Y(-C)\) for some integer \(n\). Write \(\phi\) for the composite morphism \(L^n_\sigma\tilde\rightarrow\mathcal O_Y(-C)\hookrightarrow\mathcal O_Y\) and consider it a relation on the tensor algebra \(T(Y;L_\sigma):=\bigoplus_{i\geq 0} L_\sigma^i\). Note that \(L_\sigma\) is a substitute for an invertible sheaf on \(Y\) defined intuitively by \(_{\mathcal O_Y}L\) and \(L_{\mathcal O_Y}\simeq\sigma^\ast L\). \(A(Y;L_\sigma,\phi):=T(Y;L_\sigma)/(\phi).\) If the relation \(\phi:L^n_\sigma\rightarrow\mathcal O_Y\) satisfies a particular given overlap condition, then \(A(Y;L_\sigma,\phi)=\bigoplus_{i=0}^{n-1}L_\sigma^i\). This is the noncommutative cyclic cover and \(A:=A(Y;L_\sigma,\phi)\) is called a cyclic algebra. The article gives several conditions implying that these cyclic covers are normal orders, and describe the ramification in the case where \(L^n_\sigma\simeq\mathcal O_Y\) and \(Y\) is a surface. Given ramification data for an order on a surface \(Z\), the noncommutative cyclic cyclic covering trick entails finding (1) a commutative cyclic cover \(\pi:Y\rightarrow Z\) with the same ramification data and (2) a line bundle on \(Y\) satisfying both a particular equation and the overlap condition. Given ramification data for an order, it is known by the Artin-Mumford sequence wether or not such an order exists, but it is not known whether it is constructible via the noncommutative cyclic cover. For example, via the Artin-Mumford sequence, it is known there exists rank 4 orders on \(\mathbb P^2\) ramified on a sextic \(S\), but this is nonconstructive. Utilizing the noncommutative cyclic covering trick, along with implementations of the surjectivity of the period map, Nikulin theory and the strong torelli theorem for \(K3\) surfaces, the author constructs, for any \(n\in\{3,\dots,18\}\), \(2^{n-2}-1\) distinct orders on \(\mathbb P^2\) ramified on a sextic. These orders are of the form \(A=\mathcal O_Y\oplus L\) where \(Y\) is a \(K3\) double cover of \(\mathbb P^2\) ramified on the sextic. Also, similar results are achieved constructing numerically Calabi-Yau orders on \(\mathbb P^1\times\mathbb P^1\) and \(\mathbb F_2\). It is demonstrated that those constructed on the former are birational to a certain class of orders on \(\mathbb P^2\) which are also constructible using the sane trick. Then orders on surfaces ruled over elliptic curves and rational surfaces equipped with elliptic fibrations are constructed. The author conclude by showing that all orders constructed are also numerically Calabi-Yau in the categorical sense.