Discrete linear Hamiltonian systems: Lyapunov type inequalities, stability and disconjugacy criteria (Q714076)

The author establishes new Lyapunov type inequalities for discrete planar linear Hamiltonian systems \[ (1)\quad\begin{cases} x(n)= a(n)x(n+1)+ b(n) u(n),\\ u(n)= -c(n) x(n+1)- a(n) u(n),\end{cases}\qquad n\in\mathbb{Z}, \] where \(a\), \(b\), \(c\) are real-valued functions \(\mathbb{Z}\to \mathbb{R}\), \(x:\mathbb{Z}\to \mathbb{R}\), \(u: \mathbb{Z}\to \mathbb{R}\), \(\Delta\) is a difference operator, \(\Delta x(n)= x(n+1)- x(n)\), \(\Delta u(n)= u(n+1)- u(n)\), \(n\in\mathbb{Z}\), and, also, stability and disconjugacy criteria. System (1) is called periodic of period \(N\geq 2\), \(N\in\mathbb{Z}\), if the functions \(a\), \(b\), \(c\) are \(N\)-periodic, i.e. \[ a(n+ N)= a(n),\quad b(n+N)= b(n),\quad c(n+N)= c(n),\quad n\in\mathbb{Z}.\tag{2} \] The periodic Hamiltonian system (1) is called stable if all solutions \((x,u)\) are bounded on \(\mathbb{Z}\), unstable if all nontrivial solutions \((x,u)\) are unbounded on \(\mathbb{Z}\) and conditionally stable if there exists a nontrivial solution \((x,u)\) bounded on \(\mathbb{Z}\). A function \(f: \mathbb{Z}\to\mathbb{R}\) has a generalized zero at \(n_0\in \mathbb{Z}\) if \[ f(n_0)= 0,\quad f(n_0- 1) f(n_0)< 0. \] System (1) is called relatively disconjugate with respect to \(x\) on \[ [\alpha,\beta]_z= \{\alpha, \alpha+1,\dots,\beta\},\quad (\alpha,\beta)\in \mathbb{Z}^2,\quad \alpha<\beta, \] if there is no real solution \((x,u)\) with \(x\) having more than one generalized zero in \([\alpha,\beta]_z\). Denote \(x^*(n)= (1-a(n)) x(n-1) x(n)\), \(n\in\mathbb{Z}\). A nontrivial solution \((x,u)\) of (1) is said to have a relative generalized zero with respect to \(x\) at \(n_0\in\mathbb{Z}\) if \(x(n_0)= 0\), \(x^*(n_0)< 0\). Suppose \[ (\alpha,\beta)\in\mathbb{Z}^2,\quad \alpha\leq \beta- 2,\tag{3} \] \[ 1-a(n)\neq 0,\quad b(n)> 0,\quad n\in\mathbb{Z},\tag{4} \] and denote \[ c_+(n)= \max\{c(n),0\},\quad n\in\mathbb{N},\qquad L(k)= |\ln|1-a(k)||,\quad k\in\mathbb{N}, \] then the author proves that if (1) has a solution \((x,u)\) such that \(x\) has consecutive zeros at \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\), or, if (1) has a real solution \((x,u)\) such that \(x\) has consecutive generalized zeros at \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) with \(x(\alpha)= 0\), \(x^*(\beta)<0\), then \[ \sum^{\beta-1}_{n=\alpha} b(n) \sum^{\beta-2}_{n=\alpha} c_+(n)\geq 4\exp\Biggl(-\sum^{\beta-2}_{k=\alpha} L(k)\Biggr). \] Moreover, if (4) holds, then if \((\alpha,\beta)\in \mathbb{Z}^2)\), \(\alpha\leq\beta-1\), and (1) has a real solution \((x,u)\) such that \(x\) has a consecutive generalized zeros at \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) with \(x^*(\alpha)< 0\), \(x(\beta)= 0\), or, if (3) hold and (1) has a real solution \((x,u)\) such that \(x\) has consecutive generalized zeros at \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) with \(x^*(\alpha)< 0\), \(x^*(\beta)< 0\), then \[ \sum^{\beta-1}_{n=\alpha-1} b(n) \sum^{\beta-2}_{n=\alpha-1} c_+(n)\geq 4\exp\Biggl(- \sum^{\beta-2}_{k=\alpha-1} L(k)\Biggr). \] For stability, if (2) and \[ 1-a(n)\neq 0,\quad b(n)> 0,\quad \sum^N_{n=1} (c(n)- a^2(n))^{-1})> 0 \] for \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) hold and \[ \Biggl(b_0+ \sum^N_{n=1} b(n)\Biggr)\, \sum^N_{n=1} c_+(n)< 4\exp\Biggl(-\sum^N_{k=1} L(k)\Biggr),\quad b_0= \max\{b(1),\dots, b(n\} \] hold, or \[ \sum^N_{n=1} |a(n)|+ \Biggl(b_0+ \sum^N_{n=1} b(n)\Biggr)^{{1\over 2}}\,\Biggl(\sum^N_{n=1} c_+(n)\Biggr)^{{1\over 2}}< 2 \] hold, then system (1) is stable. Finally, if (3), (4) and \[ \sum^{\beta-1}_{n=\alpha} |a(n)|+ \Biggl(\sum^{\beta-1}_{n=\alpha} b(n)\Biggr)^{{1\over 2}}\, \Biggl(\sum^{\beta-2}_{n=\alpha} c_+(n)\Biggr)^{{1\over 2}}< 2 \] hold, then system (1) is relatively disconjugate on \([\alpha,\beta]_z\).