Bifurcation for periodic differential equations at resonance (Q755975)

This work deals with existence and stability of \(T\)-periodic solutions for a one-parameter family of periodic differential systems in \(\mathbb{R}^2\), \[ \dot x=\alpha (\mu)x-\beta (\mu)y+X(t,x,y,\mu),\quad \dot y=\alpha (\mu)x+\beta (\mu)y+Y(t,x,y,\mu), \tag{1} \] where \(\mu\) is a parameter. Using a bifurcation approach, existence of nontrivial \(T\)-periodic trajectories is obtained for \(\mu >0\) and small, within a neighborhood of the zero trajectory \((t,0,0)\). In case \(\beta\) satisfies the resonance condition \(\beta (0)=2n\pi /T\), it is proved that there exists a function \(\eta(\tau,\mu)\) such that \(T\)-periodic solutions take places if and only if \[ \exists c\in [0,T],\quad \beta(\mu)=\eta (\tau,\mu).\tag{2} \] Further the number of solutions is the number of roots \(\tau\) of (2). A second part of the paper deals with the stability of these periodic solutions. This analysis uses the stability of the corresponding equilibria for the discrete flow generated by the period map of (1).