Conditions for solution of a linear first-order differential equation in the Hardy-Lebesgue space and applications (Q762661)

This paper begins with the study of the singular differential equation \[ (*)\quad Z^ 2(df(Z)/dZ)+(\alpha_ 0+\alpha_ 1Z)f(Z)=h(Z),\quad h(Z)=\sum^{\infty}_{n=1}h_ nZ^{n-1} \] in the Hardy-Lebesgue space \(H_ 2(\Delta)\), i.e., the Hilbert space of functions \(f(Z)=\sum^{\infty}_{n=1}f_ nZ^{n-1}\) which are analytic in \(\Delta =\{Z:| Z| <1\}\) and satisfy the condition \(\sum^{\infty}_{n=1}| f_ n|^ 2<\infty\). A basic result is the following: Theorem 1. If h(Z) belongs to \(H_ 2(\Delta)\), then for \(\alpha_ 0\neq 0\) the solution of (*) belongs also to \(H_ 2(\Delta)\) if and only if the condition \[ (**)\quad \sum^{\infty}_{n=1}(- 1)^{n-1}\alpha_ 0^{n-1}(h_ n/\Gamma (\alpha_ 1+n-1))=0 \] is satisfied. For \(\alpha_ 0=-\rho /2\), \(\alpha_ 1=\mu +1\) and \(h(Z)=(\rho /2) \exp ((-\rho /2)Z)\) the left-hand side of (**) is the ordinary Bessel function \(J_{\mu}(\rho)\) and it follows immediately from the theorem that \(\rho\) \(\neq 0\) is a zero of \(J_{\mu}(Z)\), for every complex \(\mu\), if and only if the solution of the equation \[ (***)\quad Z^ 2(dy(Z)/dZ)+(-(\rho /2)+(\mu +1)Z)y(Z)=-(\rho /2) \exp (- (\rho /2)Z),\quad y(0)=1 \] belongs to \(H_ 2(\Delta)\). On the other hand it is proved that the solvability of (***) in \(H_ 2(\Delta)\) is equivalent to the eigenvalue problem of a compact operator \(A_{\mu}=L_{\mu}(V+V^*)\) in an abstract Hilbert space H with an orthonormal basis \(e_ n\), \(n=1,2,... \). More precisely \(L_{\mu}\) is the diagonal operator: \(L_{\mu}e_ n=(1/(n+\mu))e_ n\), \(\mu\) \(\neq - n\), \(n=1,2,...\), V is the shift operator \(Ve_ n=e_{n+1}\) and \(V^*\) is the adjoint of V. This result leads to an operator approach in an abstract separable Hilbert space H for the study of the zeros of the ordinary Bessel functions \(J_{\mu}(Z)\). In fact the following theorem is proved: Theorem 2. \(\rho\) \(\neq 0\) is a zero of \(J_{\mu}(Z)\), \(\mu\) \(\neq -n\), \(n=1,2,..\). if and only if \(\rho\) /2 is an eigenvalue of the operator \(A_{\mu}\). With respect to the zeros of Bessel functions in this paper are presented only some alternative proofs of well-known properties, which follow easily from analogous properties of the operator \(A_{\mu}\). For example, if \(\mu\) is real and \(\mu >-1\), then \(A_{\mu}\) is similar to a self-adjoint operator \(S_{\mu}\) and the Hurwitz theorem, which asserts that in this case all the zeros of \(J_{\mu}(Z)\) are real, follows immediately.