Realizations of Hopf algebras of graphs by alphabets (Q776417)

A quasi-ordered alphabet is a pair \((X,\leq_X)\), where \(X\) is an alphabet and \(\leq_X\) is a total quasi-ordered on \(X\). For a quasi-ordered alphabet \((X,\leq_X)\) and \(q\in\mathcal{K}\), we let \(A_q(X)=\mathcal{K}[x_i][[x_{i,j}\mid i\leq_X j]][[x_{-\infty,j}]][[x_{i,+\infty}]]/\langle {x_i}^2-qx_i\rangle\), where \(i,j\in X\). A monomial \(M=\prod_i x_i^{\varepsilon_i}\prod_{i\leq_X j} x_{i,j}^{\alpha_{i,j}}\prod_j x_{-\infty,j}^{\beta_j}\prod_i x_{i,+\infty}^{\gamma_i}\in A_q(X)\), where \(\varepsilon_i\in\{0,1\}\), \(\alpha_{i,j},\beta_j,\gamma_i\in\mathbb{N}\), is admissible if for any \(i,j\in X\) if \(\alpha_{i,j}\geq 1\) then \(\varepsilon_i=\varepsilon_j=1\), if \(\beta_j\geq 1\) then \(\varepsilon_j=1\), if \(\gamma_i\geq 1\) then \(\varepsilon_i=1\). In this case, we attach to \(M\) a Feynman graph \(\mathcal{FG}(M)\) defined in such a way that the set \(V(\mathcal{FG}(M))\) of vertices of \(\mathcal{FG}(M)\) is the set of all those \(i\in X\) for which \(\varepsilon_i=1\), the number of internal edges \(i\longrightarrow j\) in \(\mathcal{FG}(M)\) is \(\alpha_{i,j}\), the number of incoming half-edges \(\longrightarrow j\) in \(\mathcal{FG}(M)\) is \(\beta_j\), the number of outgoing half-edges \(i\longrightarrow\) in \(\mathcal{FG}(M)\) is \(\gamma_i\). For a Feynman graph \(G\), we let \(M_G(X)=\sum_{\mathcal{FG}(M)\approx G} M\). We next let \(H_{\mathcal{FG}}(X)=\mathrm{Vect}(M_G(X)\mid G\textrm{ is a Feynman graph})\). In the paper under review, the author looks more closely at the algebra \(H_{\mathcal{FG}}(X)\). We define \(H_{\mathcal{FG}}\) to be the vector space generated by the set of Feynman graphs. For \(q\in\mathcal{K}\), the author proves that \(H_{\mathcal{FG}}\) forms a Hopf algebra structure with \(G\cdot_q H=\sum_{\sigma\colon V(G)\supseteq A\hookrightarrow V(H)} q^{|A|}G\sqcup_{\sigma} H\) and \(\Delta (G)=\sum_{A\in I(G)} G_{|V(G)\setminus A}\otimes G_{|A}\), where \(G\), \(H\) are Feynman graphs, \(I(G)\) means the set of ideals of \(G\), and \(G\sqcup_{\sigma} H\), \(G_{|V(G)\setminus A}\), \(G_{|A}\) are some Feynman graphs. We define \(\psi_q(G)\) to be \(G_1\cdot_q\ldots\cdot_q G_k\), where \(G_1,\ldots,G_k\) are connected components of \(G\). In particular, \(\psi_0(G)=G\). We next define two coproducts on \(H_{\mathcal{FG}}\) by \(\delta (G)=\sum_{\sim\in CE(G)} (G/\sim)\otimes G_{|\sim}\) and \(\delta_1(G)=\sum_{\sim\in CE(G)} \psi_1(G/\sim)\otimes\psi_1(G_{|\sim})\), where \(G\) is a Feynman graph, \(CE(G)\) means the set of \(G\)-compatible equivalences on \(V(G)\), \(G_{|\sim}\) is the disjoint union of the Feynman graphs \(G_{|A_1},\ldots,G_{|A_k}\) for the equivalences classes \(A_1,\ldots,A_k\) of \(\sim\), and \(G/\sim\) is some Feynman graph. The author proves that \((H_{\mathcal{FG}},\cdot_0,\delta)\), \((H_{\mathcal{FG}},\cdot_1,\delta_1)\) are bialgebras, and that for \((q_1,q_2)=(q,1)\) or \((q_1,q_2)=(0,0)\), \((H_{\mathcal{FG}},\cdot_{q_1},\Delta)\) is a bialgebra in the category of right \((H_{\mathcal{FG}},\cdot_{q_2},\delta_{q_2})\)-comodules by the coaction \(\rho_{q_1,q_2}=\sum_{\sim\in CE(G)} \psi_{q_1}(G/\sim)\otimes\psi_{q_2}(G_{|\sim})\). We now define \(H_{\mathcal{NCFG}}\) to be the vector space generated by the set of Feynman graphs with no cycle. Restricting to ordered alphabets, for \(q\in\mathcal{K}\), the author proves that \(H_{\mathcal{NCFG}}\) forms a Hopf algebra structure with \(G\cdot_q H\) and \(\Delta (G)\) defined analogously as previous. For \(q=0\), the author proves that \(H_{\mathcal{NCFG}}\) forms a bialgebra structure with \(\delta (G)\) defined as previous, and that \((H_{\mathcal{NCFG}},\cdot_0,\Delta)\) is a bialgebra in the category of right \((H_{\mathcal{NCFG}},\cdot_q,\delta)\)-comodules. We attach to a Feynman graph \(G\) a simple oriented graph \(S(G)\). We define \(H_{\mathcal{SG}}\) and \(H_{\mathcal{NCSG}}\) to be the vector spaces generated by the set of simple oriented graphs and the set of simple oriented graphs with no cycle, respectively. Using the algebra \(A'_q(X)=A_q(X)/\langle {x_{i,j}}^2-x_{i,j},x_{i,i}-1,x_{-\infty,j}-1,x_{i,+\infty}-1\rangle\), where \(i,j\in X\), for \(q\in\mathcal{K}\), the author proves that both \(H_{\mathcal{SG}}\) and \(H_{\mathcal{NCSG}}\) form a Hopf algebra structure with appropriately modified \(G\cdot_q H\) and \(\Delta (G)\). For \(q=0\), the author proves that \(H_{\mathcal{SG}}\) forms a bialgebra structure with appropriately modified \(\delta (G)\), and that \((H_{\mathcal{SG}},\cdot_0,\Delta)\) is a bialgebra in the category of right \((H_{\mathcal{SG}},\cdot_0,\delta)\)-comodules. For a simple oriented graph \(G\), we define a quasi-order \(\leq_G\) by: for any \(i,j\in V(G)\), \(i\leq_G j\) if there exists a path \(i\longrightarrow j\) in \(G\). In this case, \((V(G),\leq_G)\) is a quasi-poset. We define \(H_{\mathcal{QP}}\) to be the vector space generated by the set of quasi-posets. Using the algebra \(A''_q(X)=A'_q(X)/\langle x_{i,j}x_{j,k}(x_{i,k}-1)\mid i\leq_X j\leq_X h\rangle\), where \(i,j,k\in X\), for \(q\in\mathcal{K}\), the author proves that \(H_{\mathcal{QP}}\) forms a Hopf algebra structure with appropriately modified \(G\cdot_q H\) and \(\Delta (G)\). We now define \(H_{\mathcal{P}}\) to be the vector space generated by the set of posets. Restricting to ordered alphabets, for \(q\in\mathcal{K}\), the author proves that \(H_{\mathcal{P}}\) forms a Hopf algebra structure with appropriately modified \(G\cdot_q H\) and \(\Delta (G)\). The author devotes the last paragraph to the description of the dual Hopf algebra of posets, using the notation of system of edge between two posets. The author shows the close relationship between Hopf algebras \(H_{\mathcal{FG}}\), \(H_{\mathcal{NCFG}}\), \(H_{\mathcal{SG}}\), \(H_{\mathcal{NCSG}}\), \(H_{\mathcal{QP}}\) and \(H_{\mathcal{P}}\). He also shows that these Hopf algebras admit noncommutative version, replacing the algebra \(A_q(X)\) by a noncommutative analogue. For the entire collection see [Zbl 1437.05003].