The \(C^{1+\alpha}\) hypothesis in Pesin theory (Q795396)

The stable manifold theory developed by Pesin and others contains a hypothesis that the given dynamics be of class \(C^{1+\alpha}\) for some \(\alpha>0\), i.e. the first derivatives must obey \(\alpha\)-Hölder conditions. This paper shows that \(C^ 1\) alone, i.e. \(\alpha =0\), is insufficient as follows. Theorem: There exists a \(C^ 1\) diffeomorphism of a 4-manifold having an asymptotically hyperbolic orbit O(p) such that \(W^ s(p)\) is not an injectively immersed manifold tangent to \(E^ s_ p\).