Arithmetic properties of Heilbronn sums (Q795866)

Various properties of Heilbronn sums \(H_ q=Tr_ L^{{\mathbb{Q}}(\zeta)}(\zeta)\), where \(\zeta\) is a primitive \(q^ 2th\) root of unity and \(L\subseteq {\mathbb{Q}}(\zeta)\) the subfield of degree q (q are odd primes), and their norms relating to the Fermat quotients \((p^{q-1}-1)/q (mod q)\) (\(p\neq q\) prime) are proved.