Submodels and definable points in models of Peano arithmetic (Q797573)

Throughout, let M denote a countable model of first-order Peano arithmetic. This paper characterizes the intersection of certain classes of submodels of M, for instance the intersection of all n-elementary submodels I of M which are isomorphic with M. To facilitate expression of the results, let \(I\prec_ nM\) denote that I is an n-elementary submodel of M (I and M satisfy the same \(\Sigma_ n\) formulas allowing parameters from I). As well, let \(I\prec_{n,e}M\) denote that I is an n-elementary initial segment of M. Further, let \(\Delta^ M_ n\) denote the collection of elements of M which are definable in M by both a \(\Sigma_ n\) and a \(\Pi_ n\) formula without parameters. Then with this notation, the author shows: Theorem. \(\Delta^ M_{n+1}=\cap \{I\prec_ nM:\) I is isomorphic with \(M\}\). Hence, in particular, \(\Delta^ M_ 1=\cap \{I\prec_ 0M:\) I is isomorphic with \(M\}\). Theorem. The downward closure in M of \(\Delta^ M_{n+1}\) is the set \(\cap \{I\prec_{n,e}M:\) I is isomorphic with \(M\}\). This generalizes a result due to D. Marker and A. Wilkie that \(closure(\Delta^ M_ 0)=\cap \{I\subset_ eM:\) I isomorphic with \(M\}\).- Letting N denote the standard integers, from these characterizations the author concludes: Theorem. The following are equivalent: \((1) N\prec_{n+1}M; (2)\quad \Delta^ M_{n+1}=N; (3)\quad N=\cap \{I\prec_ nM:\) I is isomorphic with \(M\}\) ; \((4)\quad N=\cap \{I\prec_{n,e}M:\) I is isomorphic with \(M\}\).- The techniques used include saturation for recursive partial types and variants of the proof of H. Friedman's embeddability theorem (back and forth arguments).