Dimension spectra and a mathematical model for phase transition (Q805028)

A rational map (quotient of two complex polynomials) \(z\mapsto f(z)\) of the Riemann sphere (the one-point compactification of the complex plane) is defined in this paper to have a level-1 phase transition if the function \(t\mapsto P(t)\) is not differentiable, where \[ P(t)=\sup \{h_{\mu}(f)-t\int \log | f'(z)| d\mu (z):\;\mu \quad an\quad invariant\quad probability\text{ for } f\}, \] and \(h_{\mu}(f)\) denotes the metric entropy. (Put \(g_ t(z)=-t \log | f'(z)|\), then P(t) is the topological pressure of \(g_ t.)\) Any f-invariant probability for which the supremum in the definition of P(t) is attained is said to be an equilibrium state for \(g_ t\). A rational map f is said to have a level-2 phase transition if \(g_ t\) has a unique equilibrium state depending continuously on t except for some value \(t_ 0\), where the equilibrium state is not unique. It is proved that the (nonhyperbolic) map \(f(z)=((z-2)/z)^ 2\) has both level-1 and level-2 phase transition. This conclusion is extended to a countable family of nonhyperbolic rational maps. Besides this, the author uses a result of \textit{P. Thieullen} [Entropy and Hausdorff dimension for infinite-dimensional systems, Preprint, Orsay] to deduce that for rational maps such that \(\log | f'(z)|\) is bounded from above in the Julia set there exists an ergodic invariant probability measure \(\nu\) whose Lyapunov number \(\int \log | f'(z)| d\nu (z)\) is larger than the Lyapunov number \(\limsup_{n\to \infty}(1/n)\log | (f^ n)'(z)|\) of any point z in the Julia set.