Model-completeness of a theory and evaluation of formulas (Q810003)

\textit{A. Macintyre} [Fundam. Math. 81, 73-89 (1973; Zbl 0317.02065)] considered special model-complete theories, which he defined by the condition that the reducing E-formula does not contain negations (he calls such theories positively model-complete). For example, one such is a field theory in which one can replace \(x\neq 0\) by \(\exists z(x\cdot z=1)\). In the language of ring theory, this is essentially the only example. Macintyre says [loc. cit.]: ``We would like to see an extension of the above-indicated method to noncommutative biregular rings.'' In Handbook of mathematical logic, 139-180 (1977; Zbl 0443.03001), he extends this problem in the following manner: ``Will there be a model- companion of a theory of certain natural Boolean extensions?...a Boolean extension is a structure of sections of a sheaf over a Boolean space.'' A Boolean space is a complete disconnected compactum (a Stone space). In this note, some answers are presented to the questions of Macintyre and a connection is established between som traditional questions of the theory of algebraic systems and Heyting-valued (nonstandard in the broad sense) analysis.