Monoids and groups of I-type. (Q813323)

Monoids of I-type arose in the study of Sklyanin algebras [\textit{J. Tate} and \textit{M. Van den Bergh}, Invent. Math. 124, No. 1-3, 619-647 (1996; Zbl 0876.17010)]. Their relationship to involutive set-theoretical solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation (YBE) was investigated in a paper of \textit{T. Gateva-Ivanova} and \textit{M. Van den Bergh} [J. Algebra 206, No. 1, 97-112 (1998; Zbl 0944.20049)]. Similar structures are also studied in the seminal paper of \textit{P. Etingof, T. Schedler} and \textit{A. Soloviev} [Duke Math J. 100, No. 2, 169-209 (1999; Zbl 0969.81030)]. In the present article, monoids of I-type are studied in their own right. The results are based on an embedding \(S\hookrightarrow\text{S}(X)\ltimes\mathbb{N}^X\) into the semidirect product of the symmetric group with the free Abelian monoid on \(X\). (For the structure group \(G\) of a set-theoretic YBE solution, such an embedding was established in the paper of Etingof et al.) A monoid \(S\) with operation \(\circ\), generated by a finite set \(X\), is said to be of (left) I-type if \(S\) admits a structure of a free Abelian monoid with the same neutral element and the same generating set \(X\) such that for each \(a\in S\), the sets \(\{ x+a \mid x\in X\}\) and \(\{ x\circ a \mid x\in X\}\) are equal. In other words, a monoid of I-type is a kind of non-commutative deformation of the free Abelian monoid. By definition, every \(a\in S\) gives rise to a permutation \(\sigma(a)\in\text{S}(X)\) with \(x+a=\sigma(x)\circ a\) for all \(x\in X\). With the operation \(x\cdot y:=\sigma(x)(y)\) for \(x,y\in X\), one gets a cycle set in the sense of \textit{W. Rump} [Adv. Math. 193, No. 1, 40-55 (2005; Zbl 1074.81036)], and in this way, monoids of left I-type are equivalent to cycle sets. As the cycle set structure of \(X\) naturally extends to \(\mathbb{N}^X\), the monoid \(S\) itself can be regarded as a cycle set. Since finite cycle sets are non-degenerate (i.e. \(x\mapsto x\cdot x\) is bijective), it follows that monoids of left I-type are of right I-type (= the authors' Corollary~2.3). Moreover, this implies that \(\mathbb{Z}^X\) also becomes a cycle set. The group \(G=(\mathbb{Z}^X,\circ)\) is then the above mentioned structure group. The authors prove that such a group \(G\) of I-type is poly-infinite cyclic if \(X\) (equivalently, the corresponding solution of the YBE) is retractable. The orbits of \(X\) under the structure group are investigated in the language of I-type monoids. An interesting relationship between these orbits and the minimal prime ideals of the corresponding monoid \(S\) of I-type is exhibited. The authors elaborate this context to get some results on the semiprime ideals of \(S\).