On the existence of universal series by trigonometric system (Q813938)

It is well known that there exist functions in \(L^1[0,2\pi]=:L^1\) whose trigonometric Fourier series do not converge in the metric of \(L^1\). Consequently, there exist functions in \(L^1\) that cannot be represented by trigonometric series in the metric of \(L^1\). Now, the present author proves the following Theorem. Let \(\omega(\delta)\) be a continuous function, increasing on the semi-axis \([0,\infty)\), and \(\omega(0+) = 0\). Then there exists a series of the form \[ \sum_{k\in\mathbb Z} C_ke^{ikx}\text{ with }\sum_{k\in\mathbb Z} C^2_k \omega(|C_k|)<\infty, \quad C_{-k}=\overline C_k,\tag{*} \] possessing the following property: for each \(\varepsilon > 0\), a weight function \(\mu(x)\) can be constructed such that \(0 <\mu(x)\leq 1\), \(|\{x\in [0,2\pi]: \mu(x)\neq 1\}| < \varepsilon\), and the series in (*) is universal in the weighted space \(L^1_\mu[0,2\pi] =: L^1_\mu\) with respect to rearrangements. We recall that a series of functions \[ \sum^\infty_{k=1}f_k(x),\quad f_k(x)\in L^1_\mu\tag{**} \] is said to be universal in \(L^1_\mu\) with respect to rearrangements if for any function \(f(x)\in L^1_\mu\), the terms of the series in (**) can be rearranged so that for the resulting series \(\sum^\infty_{k=1} f_{\sigma(k)}(x)\), we have \[ \lim_{n\to\infty}\int^\pi_{-\pi}\left|\sum^n_{k=1} f_{\sigma(k)}(x)-f(x)\right| \mu(x)\,dx = 0. \]