Quantitative estimates on the singular sets of Alexandrov spaces (Q827062)

The article under review answers an open question by \textit{V. Kapovitch} et al. [J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS) 23, No. 1, 29--62 (2021; Zbl 1493.53087)] about Hausdorff measure estimates of \(r\)-scale \((k, \epsilon)\)-singular sets and packing estimates. Let \(\mathrm{Alex}^n(\kappa)\) denote the collection of \(n\)-dimensional Alexandrov spaces with sectional curvature bounded from below by \(\kappa\). Let \(Y\) be a metric space and \(k \in \mathbb{N}\), \(Y\) is called \(k\)-splitting if \(Y\) is isometric to \(\mathbb{R}^k \times Z\) for some metric space \(Z\). Let \(X\) be a metric space, then a metric ball \(B_r(x) \in X\) is called \((k,\epsilon)\)-splitting if there exists a \(k\)-splitting space \(Y\) and \(y \in Y\) such that \(d_{\mathrm{GH}}(B_r(x), B_r(y)) \leq \epsilon r\). Then let \[ \mathcal{S}^k_{\epsilon,r}(X) = \left\{x \in X\,:\, B_r(x) \text{ is not } (k+1,\epsilon)\text{-splitting}\right\}, \] and \[ \mathcal{S}^k_\epsilon(X) = \bigcap_{r>0}S^k_{\epsilon,r}(X). \] Furthermore: \[ \mathcal{S}^k(X) = \left\{p \in X\,:\, T_p(X) \text{ is not isometric to } \mathbb{R}^{k+1} \times C(\Sigma) \text{ for any metric space } \Sigma\right\}. \] The following is shown: Theorem 1.3 (Packing estimate). For any \(n \in \mathbb{N}\) and \(\epsilon >0\) there exist \(C = C(n,\epsilon)>0\) and \(\beta = \beta(n,\epsilon) > 0\) such that the following holds for any \((X,p) \in \mathrm{Alex}^n(-1)\); if \(x_i \in \mathcal{S}^k_{\epsilon, \beta r_i}(X) \cap B_1(p)\) and \(\{B_{r_i}(x_i)\}\) are disjoint with \(r_i \leq 1\) for all \(i \in \mathbb{I}\), then \[ \sum_{i \in \mathbb{I}} r_i^k < C. \] In particular, if \(x_i \in \mathcal{S}^k_{\epsilon,r}(X) \cap B_1(p)\) and \(\{B_r(x_i)\}\) are disjoint with \(r \leq 1\), then \(|\mathbb{I}| < Cr^{-k}\). From this they estimate the Hausdorff measure and volume: Corollary 1.4 (Hausdorff measure estimate). For any \(n \in \mathbb{N}\) and \(\epsilon > 0\) there exists a \(C = C(n,\epsilon) > 0\) such that for any \(X \in \mathrm{Alex}^n(-1)\) and \(p \in X\), we have the Hausdorff measure estimate \[ \mathcal{H}^k\left(\mathcal{S}^k_\epsilon(X) \cap B_1(p)\right) < C(n,\epsilon). \] Corollary 1.5 (Volume estimate). For any \(n \in \mathbb{N}\) and \(\epsilon > 0\) there exists a \(C = C(n,\epsilon) > 0\) such that the following estimate holds for any \(X \in \mathrm{Alex}^n(-1)\) and \(p \in X\). \[ \mathcal{H}^n\left(B_r(\mathcal{S}^k_{\epsilon,r}(X)) \cap B_1(p)\right) \leq C r^{n-k}. \] It is furthermore shown that Theorem 1.6 (\(k\)-rectifiability). For any \(X \in \mathrm{Alex}^n(-1)\) and \(0 \leq k \leq n\) we have that \(\mathcal{S}^k(X)\) is \(k\)-rectifiable. Theorem 1.7. For any closed subset \(T \subseteq \mathbb{S}^1\) and \(\epsilon > 0\), there exists a sequence of \(3\)-dimensional manifolds \(M_i\) with \(\mathrm{sec}_{M_i} \geq 0\) and \(M_i \to Y \in \mathrm{Alex}^3(0)\), for which \(\mathcal{S}^1_\epsilon(Y) = \phi(T)\), where \(\phi : \mathbb{S}^1 \to Y\) is a bi-Lipschitz embedding.