Rank one perturbations and singular integral operators (Q841503)

The authors study a family of rank-one perturbations \(A_\alpha = A + \alpha(\cdot, \varphi)\varphi\) for a self-adjoint operator \(A\) with cyclic vector \(\varphi \in \mathcal{H}_{-1}(A)\) on a Hilbert space \(\mathcal{H}\). By the Spectral Theorem, operators \(A_\alpha\) are unitary equivalent to the multiplication \(M_s\) by the independent variable \(s\) in the space \(L^2(\mu_\alpha)\) for some Borel measure \(\mu_\alpha\), i.e., there exists a unitary operator \(V_\alpha: L^2(\mu)\rightarrow L^2(\mu_\alpha)\) such that \(V_\alpha A_\alpha = M_s V_\alpha\). Then the authors prove that the spectral representation \(V_\alpha\) of \(A_\alpha\) is given by \[ V_\alpha f(s) = f(s) - \alpha \int \frac{f(s) - f(t)}{s - t}d\mu (t) \eqno(1) \] for all compactly supported \(C^1\) functions \(f\). The paper also shows a property of integral operators \(V\) represented by formula \((1)\), which can be understood as a converse to the latter representation theorem. Let a measure \(\mu\) on \(\mathbb{R}\) be supported on at least two distinct points and satisfy \(\int(1+|t|^{-1})d\mu(t)<\infty\). Assume \(V\) extends to a bounded operator from \(L^2(\mu)\) to \(L^2(\nu)\) and assume Ker \(V={0}\). Then there exists a function \(h\) such that \(1/h\in L^{\infty}(\nu)\), and \(M_h V\) is a unitary operator from \(L^2(\mu)\rightarrow L^2(\nu)\). Moreover, the unitary operator \(U:=M_h V\) gives the spectral representation of the operator \(A_\alpha := M_t + \alpha(\cdot,\varphi)\varphi, \varphi\equiv {1}\), in \(L^2(\mu)\). By a standard approximation argument, the authors show that the spectral representation \(V_\alpha\) of \(A_\alpha\) is a singular integral operator with kernel \(k(s,t) = -\alpha (s-t)^{-1}\). In particular, \[ (V_\alpha f, g)_{L^2(\mu_\alpha)} = -\alpha \iint \frac{f(t)\overline{g(s)}}{s-t}d\mu(t)d\mu_\alpha(s) \] for all \(f\in L^2(\mu)\) and \(g\in L^2(\mu_\alpha)\) with separated compact supports. For any Radon measure \(\mu\), the integral operator \(T_\varepsilon = (T_\mu)_\varepsilon: L^2(\mu) \rightarrow L^2(\mu_\alpha)\) defined by \[ T_\varepsilon f(s) = \int \frac{f(t)}{s-t+i\varepsilon}d\mu(t) \] is uniformly bounded and \(\|T_\varepsilon\|_{L^2(\mu) \rightarrow L^2(\mu_\alpha)}\leq 2|\alpha|^{-1}\). Moreover, the weak limit \(T\) of \(T_\varepsilon\) exists as \(\varepsilon\rightarrow 0^+\), and the operator \(V_\alpha\) has the alternative representation \[ V_\alpha f(s) = f(s)(1-\alpha T\mathbf{1}) + \alpha Tf \] for all \(f \in L^2(\mu)\). And for any \(f\in C^{1}_0\), \[ \lim_{\varepsilon\rightarrow 0^+}(T_\varepsilon f)(s) = Tf(s) \] \(\mu_\alpha\) almost everywhere. Generally, let \(\mu\) and \(\nu\) be Radon measures on \(\mathbb{R}\) such that for their singular parts \(\mu_s\bot \nu_s\), and such that \[ \Big|\iint \frac{f(t)\overline{g(s)}}{s-t}d\mu(t)d\nu(s)\Big |\leq C\|f\|_{L^2(\mu)}\|g\|_{L^2(\nu)} \] for all \(f\) and \(g\) with separated compact supports. Then for all \(\varepsilon>0\) \[ \|T_\varepsilon f\|_{L^2(\nu)}\leq 4C\|f\|_{L^2(\mu)}, f\in L^2(\mu) \] and the truncated operators \({\widetilde{T_\varepsilon}}:L^2(\mu)\rightarrow L^2(\nu)\) are also uniformly bounded. As an application of the representation theorem and the statements on singular integral operators, the authors prove two results about the absence of embedded singular spectrum in the rank one perturbations setting. At the end, some examples of rank one perturbations are presented.