Global attractor and asymptotic smoothing effects for the weakly damped cubic Schrödinger equation in \(L^2(\mathbb{T})\) (Q843080)

The author is interested here to study the following so-called cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS): \[ \begin{cases} u_t+\gamma u+i(u_{xx}\mp |u|^2u)=f,\\ u(t,x)\in{\mathbb C},\;\forall(t,x)\in\Omega\equiv{\mathbb R}_+\times {\mathbb T},\;{\mathbb T}\equiv {\mathbb R}/2\pi{\mathbb Z},\end{cases} \tag{\(\clubsuit\)} \] where \(\gamma>0\) (damping parameter) and \(f\in L^2({\mathbb T})\) (time-independent-forcing term). The main result (Theorem 1.1) is that the nonlinear group \(S(\cdot)\), associated to \((\clubsuit)\), i.e., \(S(t)(u_0)=u(t)\), \(t\in{\mathbb R}\), where \(u\) is the solution of \((\clubsuit)\), for the initial condition \(u_0\), provides an infinite-dimensional dynamical system in \(L^2({\mathbb T})\) that has a global attractor \({\mathcal A}\subset H^2({\mathbb T})\), that is a connected and compact set of \(H^2({\mathbb T})\), invariant (positively and negatively) by \(S(\cdot)\) that attracts for the \(L^2({\mathbb T})\)-metric all positive orbits uniformly with respect to bounded sets of initial data in \(L^2({\mathbb T})\). The paper, after a detailed introduction, where the main result is stated and related to previous works on this subject, emphasizing also the new technical ingredients (Theorem 1.3), splits in four more sections. 2. Functions spaces and notation. 3. Proof of Theorem 1.3. 4. Existence of global attractor. 5. Asymptotic smoothing effect. (In this section it is proved that the global attractor lies in \(H^2({\mathbb T})\) and is compact in this space. All the mathematical machinary used is standard in functional analysis.) Remark. In the framework of the algebraic topology of PDE's, the interesting problem considered in this paper, has an intriguing issue. With this respect, let us recast equation \((\clubsuit)\) into a real analytic PDE of second order over the following trivial vector fiber bundle \(\pi:W\equiv M\times {\mathbb R}^2\to M\equiv {\mathbb R}_+\times{\mathbb T}\), \((t,x,v,w)\mapsto(t,x)\): \[ E_2\subset J{\mathcal D}^2(W):\begin{cases} v_t+\gamma v-w_{xx}\mp w(v^2+w^2)=\varphi,\\ w_t+\gamma w+v_{xx}\mp v(v^2+w^2)=\psi,\end{cases} \tag \(\spadesuit\) \] where \(u=v+iw\) and \(f=\varphi+i\psi\). Then one can prove that \(E_2\) is an involutive, formally integrable and completely integrable PDE. This means that in the neighbourhood of any point \(q\in E_2\), (initial condition), passes a regular solution (analytic solution). Furthermore, we can solve Cauchy problems for \(1\)-dimensional integral manifolds \(N\subset E_2\), diffeomorphically projected in \(W\), by means of the canonical projection \(\pi_{2,0}:E_2\to W\). We call admissible such Cauchy manifolds. Note that solutions passing through admissible Cauchy manifolds do not necessitate to be smooth, in fact, in general, are singular ones with respect to the embeddings \(E_2\subset J{\mathcal D}^2(W)\subset J_2^2(W)\), where \(J_2^2(W)\) denotes the \(2\)-jet-space for \(2\)-dimensional submanifolds of \(W\). Moreover, one can see that the \(1\)-dimensional integral singular bordism group of \(E_2\subset J^2_2(W)\) is \(\Omega_{1,s}^{E_2}\cong{\mathbb Z}_2\). Then for any two space-like smooth (or analytic) \(1\)-dimensional closed admissible Cauchy hypersurfaces \(N_1\subset (E_2)_{t_1}\) and \(N_2\subset (E_2)_{t_2}\), \(t_1\not= t_2\), where \((E_2)_t\equiv \bar\pi_2^{-1}(t)\), with \(\bar\pi\) being the natural projection \(E_2\to {\mathbb R}_+\), exists a singular solution \(V\subset E_2\), such that \(\partial V=N_1\sqcup N_2\), iff \([N_1\sqcup N_2]=[0]\in\Omega_{1,s}^{E_2}\). In order that this condition should be satisfied, it is enough that \(N_1\) and \(N_2\) have the same integral characteristic numbers of second order. (The solution \(V\) bording \(N_1\) and \(N_2\) is a smooth solution iff above condition holds for all the orders, i.e. for all the conservation laws of \(E_2\).) So, in general, there is no solution unicity for any admissible, \(1\)-dimensional closed smooth space-like Cauchy manifold, \(N\subset E_2\), but all such solutions bord ones belonging to the same \(0\)-class in \(\Omega_{1,s}^{E_2}\cong{\mathbb Z}_2\). This agrees (and generalizes) the main result in this paper.