On the improperness sets of families of linear differential systems (Q843681)

Consider the linear system of differential equations \[ \frac{dx}{dt}=A(t)x, x\in {\mathbb R}^n, t\geq 0, \tag{1} \] and the one-parameter family \[ \frac{dx}{dt}=\mu A(t)x, x\in {\mathbb R}^n, t\geq 0.\tag{2} \] The set \(W_A\) of all \(\mu\) for which the system (2) is Lyapunov improper, is called the improperness set of system (1). In the paper it is shown that a subset of the real axis is the improperness set of some family iff it is a \(G_{\delta \sigma }\)-set. The result remains valid for families in which the matrices of the systems are bounded on the half-line. Almost the same result holds for families in which the parameter occurs only as a factor multiplying the system matrix: their improverness sets are the \(G_{\delta \sigma }\)-sets not containing zero. For families of the last kind with bounded coefficient matrix, it is shown that their improperness set is an arbitrary open subset of the real line.