Quantum Birkhoff normal forms (Q845125)

The author of this interesting paper constructs quantum analogues of several statements on Birkhoff normal forms and proves a quantum analogue of the theorem on reducing a Hamiltonian to the normal form. Normal forms for Hamiltonian systems were first constructed by \textit{T. M. Cherry} [Proceedings L. M. S. (2) 27, 151--170 (1927; JFM 53.0406.03)] and \textit{G. D. G. D. Birkhoff} [cf. Dynamical systems, Am. Math. Soc., Providence, R. I. (1966; Zbl 0171.05402)]. The main result here is the theorem on reducing a quantum observable to the normal form. First the author presents the algebraic formulation of the classical Birkhoff result. For this purpose he considers the associative algebra \(\mathbf{O}_n\) over \(\mathbb{C}\) of commutative formal power series with the standard multiplication, \[ F=\sum_{\mu ,\nu \in {\mathbb Z}_+^n}f_{\mu\nu }p_1^{\mu_1}\dots p_n^{\mu_n}x_1^{\mu_1}\dots x_n^{\nu_n}, \] where \(f_{\mu\nu }\in \mathbb C\). The generators \(\{p_i^{\mu_i}, x_i^{\nu_i}\}\) \((i=1,\dots,n)\) of this commutative algebra can be interpreted as the classical coordinates and momenta of a mechanical system in the phase space \(\mathbb R^{2n}\). Consider the classical observable \(H=H_2+H_3+\dots \in \mathbf{O}\), where \(H_j\) are homogeneous forms of the degree \(j\) and \(H_2=\sum_{k=1}^n\lambda_kp_kx_k\). Then there exists a map \({\mathcal A}\in \Aut\mathbf{O}\) such that \({\mathcal A}H=H_2+{\mathcal H}_3+{\mathcal H}_4+\dots\) and \(\{{\mathcal A}H,H_2\}=0\). The main result here is the following quantum analogue of the Birkhoff theorem: Consider the quantum observables \(\widehat{H}= \widehat{H}_2+\widehat{H}_3+\dots \in \mathbf{\widehat{H}}\), where \(\widehat{H}_{j}\), are homogeneous forms of the degree \(j\) and \(\widehat{H}_2=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\lambda_k\widehat{p}_k\circ\widehat{x}_k\). Then there exists a map \(\widehat{\mathcal A}\in \Aut\widehat{\mathbf H}\) such that \(\widehat{\mathcal A}\widehat{H}= \widehat{H}_2+ \widehat{\mathcal H}_3+\dots \) and \([\widehat{\mathcal A}\widehat{H},\widehat{H}_2]=0\).