On the Waring-Goldbach problem (Q845134)

The author considers the following problem: given a natural number \(n\geq 2\), find \(V(n)\) such that, for all sufficiently large integers \(N\), the following representation holds: \[ N=p_{1}^{n}+p_{2}^{n}+\ldots+p_{k}^{n}, \quad \text{with} \,k\leq V(n) \] where the variables \(p_j\) are prime numbers. This is what the author calls the Waring-Goldbach problem. In fact, in the case \(n=1\) we obtain what is called a Goldbach-type problem and, in the case we allow the \(p_j\)'s to be natural numbers instead, we get a Waring-type problem. Actually, the problem of finding \(V(n)\) above is an instance of general Waring-Goldbach type problems. Here the author is able, collecting many considerations from papers of him and Vinogradov and other Russian authors, to prove a double-sided estimate (inequalities, both lower and upper bounds) for the number \(V(n)\) (of course, for all \(n\geq 2\), here).