High-order roots of transformations of the circle group (Q855786)

Given an integer \(a\), consider the transformation \(M_a:\mathbb T\to\mathbb T\), where \(\mathbb T=\mathbb R/\mathbb Z\) is the circle group, given by \(M_a(x)=ax\) (\(x\in\mathbb T\)). Given some \(r\in\mathbb N\), it is said that \(S\) is an \(r\)th root of \(M_a\) if there exists a transformation \(S:\mathbb T\to\mathbb T\) such that \(S^r=M_a\). In this paper, by developing the results for \(r=2\) by \textit{D. Berend} [Indag. Math., New Ser. 5, 1--8 (1994; Zbl 0913.11032)], the author proves that \(M_a\) admits an \(r\)th root on \(\mathbb T\) if and only if either \(|a|\leq 1\) or both \(|a|\geq 2\) and the following conditions are satisfied: (1) \(p_i^{2s}|(a^{p_i^s}-a^{p_i^{s-1}})\) for \(s=1,\dots,e_i\) and \(i=1,\dots,k\). (2) If \(r\) is even, then \(a\in(4\mathbb Z+1)\cup 4\mathbb Z\). (3) For every \(n\) in the range \([1,2\log_{|a|}r^2 k]\) we may represent \[ (1/n)\sum_{d|n}\mu(n/d)|a^d-1|=\sum_{d:(r,n)|d, d|r;d>r/|a|}b_d d \] for suitable non-negative integers \(b_d\), where \(\mu\) is the Möbius function.