Structural stability of vector fields with shadowing (Q859529)

It is well known that Axiom A (hyperbolicity of the nonwandering set) and the strong transversality condition (transversality of stable and unstable manifolds) are necessary and sufficient conditions for a \(C^1\) vector field on a closed Riemannian manifold to be \(C^1\) structurally stable, see \textit{S. Hayashi} [Ann. Math. (2) 145, 81--137 (1997; Zbl 0871.58067); correction ibid. 150, 353--356 (1999; Zbl 1157.37317)] and \textit{L. Wen} [J. Differ. Equations 129, 334--357 (1996; Zbl 0866.58050)]. On the other hand, structurally stable flows are known to have the shadowing property, see \textit{S. Yu. Pilyugin} [J. Differ. Equations 140, 238--265 (1997; Zbl 0965.37024)]. The shadowing property is defined as follows. Let \(\text{\textbf{Rep}}\) be the set of increasing homeomorphisms \(\alpha:{\mathbb R}\rightarrow {\mathbb R}\) satisfying \(\alpha(0)=0\). Fix \(\varepsilon >0\) and define \(\text{\textbf{Rep}}(\varepsilon)=\{\alpha\in \text{\textbf{Rep}}: | \alpha(t)/t-1| <\varepsilon\}\). Let \(X_t\) be the flow of a \(C^1\) vector field \(X\) on a closed Riemannian manifold \(M\). We say that a (non necessarily continuous) mapping \(\Psi:{\mathbb R}\rightarrow M\) is a \((\delta,1)\)-pseudo-orbit of \(X_t\) if we have \(d(X_t(\Psi(\tau)),\Psi(\tau+t))<\delta\) for every \(\tau\in {\mathbb R}\) and every \(| t| \leq 1\). We say that \(X\) has the shadowing property if, given \(\varepsilon>0\), there is \(\delta>0\) such that for every \((\delta,1)\)-pseudo-orbit of the flow \(X_t\) there are a point \(y\in M\) and \(\alpha\in\text{\textbf{Rep}}(\varepsilon)\) such that \(d(X_{\alpha(t)}(y),\Psi(t))<\varepsilon\) for every \(t\). The main theorem of the paper under review is: if a \(C^1\) vector field has no singularities, then it is in the \(C^1\) interior of the family of vector fields having the shadowing property if and only if it satisfies both Axiom A and the strong transversality condition, that is, it is structurally stable.