Bounds on eigenvalues of Dirichlet Laplacian (Q862370)

The aim of this paper is the fixed membrane eigenvalue problem \[ \begin{alignedat}{2} \Delta u &= -\lambda u , \quad&&\text{in } \Omega,\\ u &= 0, \quad&&\text{on } \partial \Omega,\end{alignedat} \] where \(\Omega\) is a bounded domain in a \(n\)-dimensional Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^n\) with smooth boundary. Let \(0< \lambda_1 < \lambda_2 \leq \lambda_3\cdots \to \infty \) be the eigenvalues. Each eigenvalue is counted as many times as its multiplicity indicates. H. Weyl proved \[ \lambda_k \sim \frac{4\pi^2}{(\omega_n | \Omega| )^{2/n}}k^{2/n}, \quad k \to \infty, \] where \(\omega_n\) is the volume of the unit ball in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) and G. Pólya conjectured \[ \lambda_k \geq \frac{4\pi^2}{(\omega_n | \Omega| )^{2/n}}k^{2/n}, \quad k=1,2,\dots\;. \] Pólya's conjecture is in general still open but there are a lot of partial results. The authors prove for \(n\geq 41\), \(k\geq 41\) \[ \lambda_{k+1} \leq k^{2/n}\lambda_1 \] and for any \(n\) and \(k\) \[ \lambda_{k+1} \leq C_0(n,k)k^{2/n}\lambda_1, \] with \(C_0(n,k)\leq j_{n/2,1}^2/j_{n/2-1,1}^2\). The proof is based on Yang's inequality which is a universal inequality for any positive real numbers. A proof of this inequality is also given. It follows from Weyl's and Pólya's result that the order of this estimates is sharp.